Research Paper Writing

Research Paper Writing Contact our help team so that your task may be divided between a number of specialists. Copies of sources This is one other in style option amongst our services. Order it to obtain hyperlinks to all of the non-fiction books, journals, websites, and videos your online helper used whereas working on your project. It should be noted that this selection isn’t free, and to get more info in your subject, you will have to add $14.95 to the price of your paper. Questions like “What do you do to assist me do my paper? specialists in additional than 70 disciplines able to provide you with excessive-high quality and fast help. We rent the most effective writers from all over the world, mentor them and work on their writing skills. Been in search of an internet paper writer to not overpay however had a couple of pals recommend this service. But editing the top manuscript contributes to up to 30% of total success with your paper! Grammar, syntax, fashion, language and contextual errors take away scores from the grade in your paper. So, do your self a fantastic favor â€" dedicated a separate day to proofreading a paper and blue-pencil your analysis paper in and out. Here’re a few effective self-enhancing methods. Research papers are all different, from a 2000-word essay to a one hundred fifty-web page Master’s degree dissertation, analysis paper writing is all the time a daunting and nerve-tearing routine. Finding a student who genuinely enjoys doing essays, time period papers and case studies is a fairly tough task. Time is at all times missing, dedication is seldom, fatigue builds up daily. ” are quite popular amongst these college students who use our online help to enhance their very own writing expertise. Along with our inexpensive prices, protection of multiple disciplines, and amazing authors, we have a set of extra choices your grades can profit from. There are shoppers who ask “Can I pay somebody to write down my paper and get exactly what I need? ” or “If I pay somebody to put in writing my paper, how can I make certain that I’ll get a custom essay? ” The reply to all these questions is “Yes.” At CustomWritings.com, we full every project from scratch and supply free revisions if they are necessary. On approaching penmypaper, it left no stone unturned to get my paper written, earlier than the stated date. I am fairly pleased with their immediate service and highly advocate to others, who're in an identical circumstance as I was. Here, professionals write papers with utmost expertise. Our vetted writers work vigorously simply to make sure the final dissertation meets the utmost high quality normal, preserving all your necessities and calls for. Your author will create the title and bibliography pages and add them to your order free of charge. Also, you'll be able to request a vast variety of sources, and all of them will be included. If you’ve already give you a subject for your research paper, the author will start investigating it. However, if you have no idea what to put in writing about, they may suggest some authentic, effective matter ideas to select from. Most college students make one grieve mistake working on written homework. Putting greater concentrate on researching and writing, then neglect proofreading. The shortest deadline you'll be able to set is 4 hours, since it takes an expert author roughly 1 hour to compose 1 page of high-high quality content material. But should you’re in a time crunch and your project is bigger than 4 pages, don’t get upset. Still, assignments need to be done well and turned in duly. Read our social responsibility discover to find out extra in regards to the subjects we keep away from. One of our main priorities is to keep up the highest degree of providers attainable. To do so, we have to hire gifted specialists and pay them accordingly. This is the reason we can’t make our prices any decrease than they at present are. Am glad with the value and results and can use once more if needed. We use a number of checkers to make sure that all papers you obtain are plagiarism-free. Our editors fastidiously undergo all sources and in-text citations. We additionally promise full confidentiality in all our companies. A few days back, I required someone to put in writing paper on Finance within a deadline of 10 days.

How To Write 5,000 Words A Day

How To Write 5,000 Words A Day Your customized essay will be deleted in 30 days after the delivery. There isn't any chance for it to ever appear on the internet. Communicate with the writer whenever you need utilizing safe chat board and maintain monitor of the writing progress. Hiring somebody when you need a research paper written, particularly fast, specifically overnight, is a perspective determination in case you are not very skilled in writing this type of paper. Write my time period paper for me request is the most environment friendly whenever you formulate it on time. It allows students to reveal their capability to select, analyze, and use the data and then to make the most of their writing abilities to express what they've discovered. If you'll be able to’t do it on your own, be happy to find someone who could make a research paper for you. Organizing a analysis paper can be tough as a result of it have to be written based on a somewhat inflexible structure, including the introduction and thesis, the body, the conclusion, and the reference list. You obtain solely the best quality plagiarism-free tutorial writing. If you detect any plagiarized content, be at liberty to contact us. Considering your necessities, your paper will be edited, and this is the explanation why we gladly give you a 100% quality assure. three- Our costs are fair; nonetheless, to assist many extra students with a decent budget, we provide several types of low cost providers. Consultants from our assist staff will gladly settle for your order and inform you about the details of our writing, supply and cost procedures. Receive a analysis paper based on an in-depth evaluation. This kind of paper presents a detailed research of a particular problem. I have never been a lot of a researcher, but I had no other choice however to put in writing these papers. Otherwise, I might need ended up being expelled from the college. Thankfully, EduBirdie have had all my papers written for me. These guys are great and they know what they're doing. View bids from our database of over four hundred+ skilled writers and select the writer that you like the best. Get your free quote before inserting the order if you wish to receive further data. We assist our service with a 24/7 buyer care middle staffed with reside agents â€" not bots â€" on the telephone and through on-line reside chat. Impress your professor with a well-thought-out research paper written for you. So, let your analysis paper be an instance of your ability to conduct a deep, thorough investigation of a topic or problem and to demonstrate your writing proficiency. When it involves a analysis paper, you may assume that the longer it is, the higher it's. Luckily, there is a rescue team working for you day and night to get your term paper done earlier than it’s due. Yes, we all need to admit that analysis paper writing is time-consuming and may be boring. If you're on the lookout for someone to pay so they may write you a great research paper, stop doing it now! There is no want to search any longer, EduBirdie is there for you and their research papers are nothing else however state-of-the-art works of people surely know something about research. If you could have already written your paper but need one other pair of eyes to have a look at it, try our modifying service. A skilled educational editor will go over your paper and master it to absolute perfection. Our Quality Assurance Team checks each paper for sale for plagiarism and consistency earlier than ultimate delivery. You are assured to receive a wholly original piece with correctly cited sources. In case of any questions, contact our assist supervisor. First, we count on our future writer to have a University diploma and at least 2 years of experience in custom writing. All applicants for the writer’s position should meet these necessities. We need solely the top-grade writers to work on your orders. That is why every candidate undergoes a radical selection process to hitch our skilled team. We assure the security of all your transactions and confidentiality. With over 450 devoted writers, we’ll get your research written for you in as little as three hours.

How To Turn In A Custom Written Essay And Dont Get Caught

How To Turn In A Custom Written Essay And Don't Get Caught If you’re coming back to us because you have been really proud of the work you previously obtained, you possibly can work with the identical writer. If the task is from the identical space of research, you'll be able to include the author’s ID in the order form and we’ll do our best to team you up again. Experience writing letters of advice, curriculum, course outlines, analysis papers, research articles, award letters, standard operating procedures , resumes, cv's, and more. We only hire proven, professional editors so you get the highest high quality papers. After all, how are you going to conclude if you haven’t even finished writing? If you need more recommendation on the specifics of writing solid conclusions, check out my publish on the way to write a paper. Of course, your paper needs to be good for this to work. For advice on bettering the quality of your papers, check out my submit on 6 Writing Tips to Make Your Papers 300% Better. Ever since I realized the standard method of outlining papers in 8th grade, I felt the system was broken. is a written report on a given topic that features a short description of the whole work. This report may comprise not only a paraphrase data from the scientific or creative source but also a crucial evaluation, understanding of the knowledge provided. I by no means created a top level view with bullets and numbers and letters earlier than writing the paper. I at all times just made one up afterwards as a result of I was requiredto flip one in with the ultimate paper. We guarantee for high quality in your papers, elite customization, on-time delivery, and round-the-clock session. Now you’re prepared to begin the method of organizing your presentation . Don’t skip the organization stepâ€"it’s important to your paper’s success. Without it, your paper will lack focus and also you’ll spend rather more time in the revision process making an attempt to make sense of your jumbled thoughts. There are two phrases that evoke instant anxiousness in nearly each academicâ€"research paper. In this text, we’ll break down the steps to writing a analysis paper. This is the plan in your essay, and it'll information the writer through the whole strategy of completion. You’ll give us all instructions via the order form. Once you submit the form, we’ll assign a staff of a researcher, author, and editor to your project. Yes, we hyperlink you directly to your writer from our state of the art communication system. We’ll direct your queries and considerations to our writers. In case of any queries from your author we directly contact you via textual content. Here’s where you current the background and context for the remainder of your article. Craft a strong opening sentence that can have interaction the reader. Just because you’re writing an educational research paper doesn’t imply you must be dry and boring. Invest time in writing your thesis assertionâ€"it’s the primary concept of your paper, from which everything else flows. An summary is the commonest form of practical assignments for college kids. Writing a good summary just isn't always simple and may take plenty of effort and time. Most research papers conclude with a restated thesis assertion. Take a moment to clarify why you consider those points support your case. If your analysis is inconclusive, take a second to point out why you imagine this topic bears further research. Without a properly-thought-out thesis statement, your paper is prone to find yourself jumbled and with an unclear function. Most analysis papers start with a thesis assertion on the end of an introductory paragraph. Even if it’s not a requirement, it’s a good suggestion to put in writing a thesis assertion as you start to arrange your research. Writing the thesis statement first is helpful because every argument or point you make in your paper ought to assist this central concept you’re placing ahead. Our writers are also native speakers, so you received’t need to fret about grammar and tone. The writer and researcher collaborate to compose an outline.

Research Paper Help

Research Paper Help EssayShark.com is the biggest writing service to supply assist with any writing task. All these problems may be easily solved should you place an order on our web site. Our writing service has gained reputation among students, so let’s find out what the reasons are. We define quality as writing that meets all of a student’s and an instructor’s requirements for tutorial analysis and composition, no matter what the tutorial level. Thus, a highschool term paper must-have resources, construction, vocabulary, and elegance that is appropriate for that degree. A Ph.D. dissertation, however, involves an original research, a research query, a posh literature review, and the buildup and analysis of knowledge. Obviously, quality is outlined very in another way in this instance. If you abruptly have new instructions on your order or wish to check the writing progress, simply contact the author in chat. Writers play a great role in our writing firm, as they provide prospects with quality papers. They work fast and are ready to fulfill any of your requirements. All of our writers are experienced and possess tutorial levels. We should confess that utilizing our service is one of the best choice if you wish to neglect about your writing tasks. We must know how many pages and resources are required. We must have any other specifications or necessities your instructor may have given. We must know if you have a pre-determined thesis or if the writer is supposed to craft one for you. It’s also a good idea to price projects in a different way based mostly upon the level of examine. Model essays for English one hundred and one are, quite frankly, simpler to put in writing than model essays for a doctoral-level scholar, and each should be priced accordingly. Along those same strains, authorized papers and medical papers are priced greater, as are initiatives requiring the usage of statistics or different highly technical requirements. This just isn't a nocturnal chook that lives at a university in Indiana, but quite the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University. This online resource offers numerous useful writing supplies, including data on tips on how to cite sources, grammar rules, selecting a topic, and even tips on how to write a analysis paper. You can seek for particular assist, or browse assets by class. This free website is a must-go to on-line useful resource when writing a college research paper. Creating an outline is basically about structuring your paper. Don’t be too formulaic, however it may be helpful to observe patterns and guides. If you could have two details in your thesis, three or 5 primary sections may not work on your analysis paper. We will at all times assign a author who is a level level above your educational degree. You have a number of pages to write down and a specific subject to cowl. Here are the steps and assets you have to write a powerful research paper, in addition to a guidelines to go over to be sure you wrote an excellent paper. Research writing is usually a challenge, however with slightly practice, it can become an necessary a part of your tutorial and skilled toolkit. If you need to dive deeper into your subject, you can do it another day. Remember that perfectionism can also be a kind of procrastination, so you must keep away from it if you want to turn in your paper in a well timed method. It is easy to seek out writing examples by googling “write my analysis paper.” Don’t try to find a paper with the same subject as yours as this will solely confuse you. Better take a look at some credible websites with examples of papers with various formatting kinds and constructions. You can apply for a free revision inside every week after your order was permitted. We have 400+ writers with only the best ratings, nice testimonials and many years of writing expertise. Besides writers, we even have a staff of proofreaders and editors who're able to notice even essentially the most minor errors in the textual content. They will simply correct a written paper so it will not contain any errors. They know grammatical, syntactical, punctuation, and different guidelines, and can implement them while enhancing the final paper. When you ask us, “write an essay for me,” you will have an excellent alternative to communicate with a writer using the chat possibility.

Hire Professional Research And Term Paper Writer

Hire Professional Research And Term Paper Writer Whenever you publish your order, you get bombarded with tons of requests from writers. It is kind of obvious to me that they didn't even familiarize themselves with my matter but just sent me their application templates. I seen some very bizarre pricing patterns and determined to place School and Doctorate degree orders on an identical topic. In May 2007 they claimed to have reached 50,000 orders completed , which implies that they accomplished another 1,05 million orders through the past 11 years. Having solely 400 writers in their squad, it would imply that every author on average completed 240 orders per yr. The scholar makes use of a word counter to maintain monitor of the number of words and pages. The web page depend is dependent upon the faculty’s necessities concerning font measurement and sort, margins, and spacing. According to my research, the positioning area was registered 18 years in the past, which makes the corporate claims fairly sensible. The website claims to have completed 1.1 million orders, having around four hundred writers in their staff. As such, they will flip the paper in themselves, promote it to other students, post it on-line or do nearly anything they want with it. If you pay someone to write down the paper, that is clearly untrue. In conclusion, the variety of pages for a specific amount of phrases is dependent upon the font and measurement, margins, spacing, and paragraph structure. The ultimate format of an article, whether it’s a printed Word doc, a printed e-book, a magazine article, or a web page on an internet site, additionally issues. In some instances, pupil's are required to write their school utility essays by hand. In that instance, the number of phrases per page, and the number of pages for the entire quantity of a thousand phrases is dependent upon the scholar’s handwriting. You also can get in touch with the support via cellphone and email. Let’s not forget to mention that the communication with the writer went as easily as possible. When asking a query, students assign how a lot they are keen to pay. You may even receives a commission every time another student will get access to your answers. The customer help middle at this site is on the market 24/7. We contacted the brokers few instances via chat they usually have been very attentive. On average, nonetheless, a one thousand-word essay would take 2â€"four pages depending on the spacing pointers. After a quick chat with a robot, I found that 90 per cent of their writers come from the US and UK, with the remaining 10 per cent being native English audio system. Additionally, most of their writers are educated to a Masters or PhD stage of schooling. Fake EssayShark evaluations are rampant and leaves a nasty style in the mouth but if you realize where to look, you possibly can benefit from their providers without much hassle in any respect. They're an OK choice for primary initiatives, however do be careful should you're planning to order a more advanced paper. Page count is either just a required factor of an educational or enterprise project, or one thing to maintain track of for personal reasons. Let’s say a highschool senior is applying for college. For a university application, they need to write a 1000-word essay on a subject. The general quality of the papers they deliver is as much as par with the standards of the market. While their transparency could possibly be set at a better degree, the final satisfaction fee among customers appears real. According to SimilarWeb, a large percentage of EssayShark's writers comes from Kenya, with a big percentage additionally coming from the Philippines and Ukraine. Maybe, someone just isn't fairly sincere with their prospects . A firm claims to be on the market for over 20 years.

Is It Possible To Submit A Paper To A Scholarly, Peer

Is It Possible To Submit A Paper To A Scholarly, Peer You will use your notes about references later when writing your paper and building your bibliography. It’s crucial to cite all sources that you just used for quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing to avoid plagiarism. Once you're glad with the results, you possibly can pay for research papers. Our Live Chat permits you to chat along with your writer in the course of the process, make any corrections if necessary. Why it turns into so in style to pay somebody to write down my analysis paper? Moreover, are there any pitfalls you might face while selecting the most effective online analysis paper helper? Let us contemplate the elements you need to pay your attention to when choosing somebody to do a research paper or any other task. Just note that it may cost somewhat greater on this case. I knew that there are not any two similar analysis papers assigned to a scholar anyplace on the earth. Our system doesn’t enable a deposit launch until the ultimate analysis has been approved. We assure the security of all your transactions and confidentiality. Pay for term papers when you are fully satisfied. Our service presents the most effective type of safety for our clients. If your matter is just too broad, your analysis paper is unlikely to achieve success because it'll appear to be a basic overview. You ought to slender your matter all the way down to a certain facet, idea or thought and make it particular and manageable. For example, if your matter is “Global Warming”, you need to slender it to “Causes of Global Warming”, “Impact of Global Warming on Human Health” or something like that. So, make certain to not delay the right and well timed options to your school writing problems â€" place your order and see how your troubles are simply fading away. They are all totally different when it comes to construction, content material, and so on. Still, EduBirdie has obtained an eagle eye even for the slightest of subheadings as they’ve followed my analysis paper instructions with precision. You can use it safely, understanding that your professors won’t ever know you ordered a paper from another person. In phrases of legality, you have each proper to ask for assist, so don’t worry about it. The price differs, starting with $13.ninety nine per one academic page. The best deadline is that of 2 weeks, however should you want your research paper sooner, it’s not a problem. If you continue to think whether or not it’s worthy to buy your research paper from someone else, go to EduBirdie. These guys won't be attempting to convince you to order your research project from them. They will simply write it and, believe me, you may be amazed by the result. We assure full confidentiality for every of our clients. We’ll do each task in Turabian, APA, Chicago, MLA or some other type you require. Write My Essays is a dependable provider of academic assist for students from all around the world. This is an ideal place to visit when you discover that you simply want help with the research and presenting data in the right format. An abstract is 275 phrases max; it highlights the key factors indicated in the bigger paper and is used to reveal the main subject. When you have a really pressing need, one of the simplest ways to go is to get in contact with the know-it-all guru via chat or telephone and let him allow you to get issues in movement as quick as attainable. Any writing type could be lined by the world-class experts. Contact us, and we are going to discover a competent author ready to craft a paper on any word depend in a single hour or more. This extra-feature allows you to choose the writer on the idea of their rating, their proficiency, and just by the overall impression. This is a superb probability to receive that personal contact from the author and get to know them higher. Our experienced Support Team can assist you 24/7. If you have any questions concerning fee, strategy of writing or anything, be happy to ask them through chat or send an e-mail. We are frequently in search of how to make our service higher, thus we'll appreciate any feedback from you. There are several elements corresponding to deadline, complexity, and educational level that may influence the value of the order, so you should check that out by using the price calculator. Yes, you can select the author from the listing we offer.

Is It Possible To Submit A Paper To A Scholarly, Peer

Is It Possible To Submit A Paper To A Scholarly, Peer You will use your notes about references later when writing your paper and building your bibliography. It’s crucial to cite all sources that you just used for quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing to avoid plagiarism. Once you're glad with the results, you possibly can pay for research papers. Our Live Chat permits you to chat along with your writer in the course of the process, make any corrections if necessary. Why it turns into so in style to pay somebody to write down my analysis paper? Moreover, are there any pitfalls you might face while selecting the most effective online analysis paper helper? Let us contemplate the elements you need to pay your attention to when choosing somebody to do a research paper or any other task. Just note that it may cost somewhat greater on this case. I knew that there are not any two similar analysis papers assigned to a scholar anyplace on the earth. Our system doesn’t enable a deposit launch until the ultimate analysis has been approved. We assure the security of all your transactions and confidentiality. Pay for term papers when you are fully satisfied. Our service presents the most effective type of safety for our clients. If your matter is just too broad, your analysis paper is unlikely to achieve success because it'll appear to be a basic overview. You ought to slender your matter all the way down to a certain facet, idea or thought and make it particular and manageable. For example, if your matter is “Global Warming”, you need to slender it to “Causes of Global Warming”, “Impact of Global Warming on Human Health” or something like that. So, make certain to not delay the right and well timed options to your school writing problems â€" place your order and see how your troubles are simply fading away. They are all totally different when it comes to construction, content material, and so on. Still, EduBirdie has obtained an eagle eye even for the slightest of subheadings as they’ve followed my analysis paper instructions with precision. You can use it safely, understanding that your professors won’t ever know you ordered a paper from another person. In phrases of legality, you have each proper to ask for assist, so don’t worry about it. The price differs, starting with $13.ninety nine per one academic page. The best deadline is that of 2 weeks, however should you want your research paper sooner, it’s not a problem. If you continue to think whether or not it’s worthy to buy your research paper from someone else, go to EduBirdie. These guys won't be attempting to convince you to order your research project from them. They will simply write it and, believe me, you may be amazed by the result. We assure full confidentiality for every of our clients. We’ll do each task in Turabian, APA, Chicago, MLA or some other type you require. Write My Essays is a dependable provider of academic assist for students from all around the world. This is an ideal place to visit when you discover that you simply want help with the research and presenting data in the right format. An abstract is 275 phrases max; it highlights the key factors indicated in the bigger paper and is used to reveal the main subject. When you have a really pressing need, one of the simplest ways to go is to get in contact with the know-it-all guru via chat or telephone and let him allow you to get issues in movement as quick as attainable. Any writing type could be lined by the world-class experts. Contact us, and we are going to discover a competent author ready to craft a paper on any word depend in a single hour or more. This extra-feature allows you to choose the writer on the idea of their rating, their proficiency, and just by the overall impression. This is a superb probability to receive that personal contact from the author and get to know them higher. Our experienced Support Team can assist you 24/7. If you have any questions concerning fee, strategy of writing or anything, be happy to ask them through chat or send an e-mail. We are frequently in search of how to make our service higher, thus we'll appreciate any feedback from you. There are several elements corresponding to deadline, complexity, and educational level that may influence the value of the order, so you should check that out by using the price calculator. Yes, you can select the author from the listing we offer.

Pay Someone To Write A Paper

Pay Someone To Write A Paper Then, this context is narrowed till it lands on the open query that the research answered. The summary is, for most readers, the one a part of the paper that shall be read. A consequent drawback of C-C-C is that it may not optimally have interaction the impatient reader. This disadvantage is mitigated by the fact that the structure of scientific articles, particularly the primacy of the title and abstract, already forces the content material to be revealed rapidly. Thus, a reader who proceeds to the introduction is likely engaged enough to have the persistence to absorb the context. For these reasons, we advocate C-C-C as a “default” scientific story construction. In the top, your wrestle to search out this stability could appropriately lead to “one contribution” that is multifaceted. Use the sources cited and/or discussed in this studying to build a full bibliography. For particular article searches “Uncover” (press returns for the “open entry”) or probably “First Search” by way of “Connect to Other Resources” in MUSE can also be helpful. If there is a specialised bibliography in your subject, you'll definitely need to seek the advice of that as nicely, however these are sometimes a bit dated. If you do not have already got a basic background in your subject, get the most recent good general source on the topic and skim it for common orientation. On the premise of that reading formulate as clearly targeted query as you possibly can. All upcoming conference deadlines, and anything else you're engaged on now take a back seat. The language could be more flowery/assured about the anticipated importance of the contribution than you'll write within the article itself. Read the paper rigorously outloud, and take away any words which are unnecessary. Note the structure and approximate length of the venue of choice for the top articles published there. It is critical that in your new draft your paragraphs begin with topic sentences that identify the argument you may be making within the specific paragraph . The individual steps in your argument must be clearly reflected within the subject sentences of your paragraphs . On the premise of this thesis assertion and outline, begin writing, even items, as quickly as you've sufficient information to start. Do not wait until you have filled all the research gaps. Do not fall into the trap of studying and studying to avoid getting started on the writing. After you've the bulk of data you might want, start writing. You can fill within the smaller gaps of your research more effectively later. Read the current articles or chapters that appear to focus on your matter greatest. This will let you focus your analysis query quite a bit. If you run into smaller research questions just mark the text with a searchable image. Write a preliminary thesis statement, expressing what you believe your main argument might be. Sketch out a broad outline that indicates the structure â€" details and subpoints or your argument because it seems right now. This means that the abstract must convey the complete message of the paper successfully. To serve this objective, the abstract’s structure is very conserved. We will discuss these specialized structures on this section and summarize them in Fig 1. Similarly, across consecutive paragraphs or sentences, parallel messages must be communicated with parallel form. The introduction highlights the hole that exists in present information or strategies and why it's important. The context must communicate to the reader what hole the paper will fill. The first sentence orients the reader by introducing the broader area during which the particular research is located. Parallelism makes it easier to read the textual content as a result of the reader is acquainted with the structure. There is nothing wrong with using the same word multiple occasions in a sentence or paragraph. Resist the temptation to use a different word to discuss with the same conceptâ€"doing so makes readers surprise if the second word has a barely totally different which means. Mostly, they differ in how well they serve a patient reader versus an impatient one . The C-C-C scheme that we advocate serves a more affected person reader who is willing to spend the time to get oriented with the context. You should usually discuss along with your professor at that time whether or not your query is a possible one. Respond instantly, until you have a grant deadline, revising this paper is now your #1 high precedence bar none.

Pay Someone To Write A Paper

Pay Someone To Write A Paper Then, this context is narrowed till it lands on the open query that the research answered. The summary is, for most readers, the one a part of the paper that shall be read. A consequent drawback of C-C-C is that it may not optimally have interaction the impatient reader. This disadvantage is mitigated by the fact that the structure of scientific articles, particularly the primacy of the title and abstract, already forces the content material to be revealed rapidly. Thus, a reader who proceeds to the introduction is likely engaged enough to have the persistence to absorb the context. For these reasons, we advocate C-C-C as a “default” scientific story construction. In the top, your wrestle to search out this stability could appropriately lead to “one contribution” that is multifaceted. Use the sources cited and/or discussed in this studying to build a full bibliography. For particular article searches “Uncover” (press returns for the “open entry”) or probably “First Search” by way of “Connect to Other Resources” in MUSE can also be helpful. If there is a specialised bibliography in your subject, you'll definitely need to seek the advice of that as nicely, however these are sometimes a bit dated. If you do not have already got a basic background in your subject, get the most recent good general source on the topic and skim it for common orientation. On the premise of that reading formulate as clearly targeted query as you possibly can. All upcoming conference deadlines, and anything else you're engaged on now take a back seat. The language could be more flowery/assured about the anticipated importance of the contribution than you'll write within the article itself. Read the paper rigorously outloud, and take away any words which are unnecessary. Note the structure and approximate length of the venue of choice for the top articles published there. It is critical that in your new draft your paragraphs begin with topic sentences that identify the argument you may be making within the specific paragraph . The individual steps in your argument must be clearly reflected within the subject sentences of your paragraphs . On the premise of this thesis assertion and outline, begin writing, even items, as quickly as you've sufficient information to start. Do not wait until you have filled all the research gaps. Do not fall into the trap of studying and studying to avoid getting started on the writing. After you've the bulk of data you might want, start writing. You can fill within the smaller gaps of your research more effectively later. Read the current articles or chapters that appear to focus on your matter greatest. This will let you focus your analysis query quite a bit. If you run into smaller research questions just mark the text with a searchable image. Write a preliminary thesis statement, expressing what you believe your main argument might be. Sketch out a broad outline that indicates the structure â€" details and subpoints or your argument because it seems right now. This means that the abstract must convey the complete message of the paper successfully. To serve this objective, the abstract’s structure is very conserved. We will discuss these specialized structures on this section and summarize them in Fig 1. Similarly, across consecutive paragraphs or sentences, parallel messages must be communicated with parallel form. The introduction highlights the hole that exists in present information or strategies and why it's important. The context must communicate to the reader what hole the paper will fill. The first sentence orients the reader by introducing the broader area during which the particular research is located. Parallelism makes it easier to read the textual content as a result of the reader is acquainted with the structure. There is nothing wrong with using the same word multiple occasions in a sentence or paragraph. Resist the temptation to use a different word to discuss with the same conceptâ€"doing so makes readers surprise if the second word has a barely totally different which means. Mostly, they differ in how well they serve a patient reader versus an impatient one . The C-C-C scheme that we advocate serves a more affected person reader who is willing to spend the time to get oriented with the context. You should usually discuss along with your professor at that time whether or not your query is a possible one. Respond instantly, until you have a grant deadline, revising this paper is now your #1 high precedence bar none.

How To Write A Reflection Paper

How To Write A Reflection Paper Our writing service has gained recognition among students, so let’s discover out what the explanations are. They requested different writing companies, “write my paper for reasonable,” but didn’t get first rate papers. Deposit funds into your EssayShark stability so that a author can work in your order. Start receiving proposals from our writers within minutes and chat with them reside. If you don't have a specific topic for the essay and can't give you something unique and thrilling, decide the “Writer’s Choice” option when filling within the order kind. It is essential for us to by no means promise what we cannot do. You should turn for affordable essay help from us as a result of we offer only one hundred% unique papers that are cited properly. We know that plagiarism can result in horrible consequences, so we by no means rewrite and resell our papers. This method, we will provide the customer with the paper he/she wants. When the writer works in your order, he/she's going to use only the relevant sources to tailor the order to your wants. We assure that you will obtain a very unique paper from us that's written from scratch in accordance with your individual directions. One extra purpose to choose us amongst rivals is our Money-Back Guarantee. Even in case if our writers fail to fulfill your expectations, which is nearly inconceivable, you will not regret turning for us. If the revision is not relevant, we will return your a refund. Students who strive to achieve their educational goals typically flip for our professional help and get exactly what they need. Our versatile pricing coverage makes our providers reasonably priced for every pupil. We at all times ask our clients to indicate the mandatory details, such because the deadline and requirements for the paper. First, the author will evaluate the draft and make sure that the knowledge is cited correctly. Then, an editor will evaluation the doc and correct any logical and stylistic flaws. Besides, he or she will check the references and make sure that the content material of the paper is relevant. At the following stage, an expert will proofread the paper and fix any grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes. We guarantee that our customers’ private data stays secure and safe with our service. Nobody will ever know that you've got turned for us to get customized essay writing help. We all the time examine every paper for quality and plagiarism earlier than we ship them to the purchasers. We want every consumer to inform his/her mates about us, so we create sturdy relationships with each buyer and offer numerous ensures to ensure a perfect expertise. For example, we now have a Money-Back Guarantee that enables any customer to request his/her a refund if he or she isn't happy with our work. Besides, we now have a loyalty program that makes our company very fashionable among college students. If you're additionally in search of a dependable custom writing company with a flawless popularity, you could have come to the proper place! Just fill in an order type, and we guarantee that we will make you happy. We suggest numerous advantages to our clients so that college students know that they will all the time rely on us. We at all times strive to satisfy our clients at every step of cooperating with us, from ordering to reviewing. You can flip to us with a request, “write my essay” even with the most sophisticated matters, and we will deal with your order.

How To Write A Reflection Paper

How To Write A Reflection Paper Our writing service has gained recognition among students, so let’s discover out what the explanations are. They requested different writing companies, “write my paper for reasonable,” but didn’t get first rate papers. Deposit funds into your EssayShark stability so that a author can work in your order. Start receiving proposals from our writers within minutes and chat with them reside. If you don't have a specific topic for the essay and can't give you something unique and thrilling, decide the “Writer’s Choice” option when filling within the order kind. It is essential for us to by no means promise what we cannot do. You should turn for affordable essay help from us as a result of we offer only one hundred% unique papers that are cited properly. We know that plagiarism can result in horrible consequences, so we by no means rewrite and resell our papers. This method, we will provide the customer with the paper he/she wants. When the writer works in your order, he/she's going to use only the relevant sources to tailor the order to your wants. We assure that you will obtain a very unique paper from us that's written from scratch in accordance with your individual directions. One extra purpose to choose us amongst rivals is our Money-Back Guarantee. Even in case if our writers fail to fulfill your expectations, which is nearly inconceivable, you will not regret turning for us. If the revision is not relevant, we will return your a refund. Students who strive to achieve their educational goals typically flip for our professional help and get exactly what they need. Our versatile pricing coverage makes our providers reasonably priced for every pupil. We at all times ask our clients to indicate the mandatory details, such because the deadline and requirements for the paper. First, the author will evaluate the draft and make sure that the knowledge is cited correctly. Then, an editor will evaluation the doc and correct any logical and stylistic flaws. Besides, he or she will check the references and make sure that the content material of the paper is relevant. At the following stage, an expert will proofread the paper and fix any grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes. We guarantee that our customers’ private data stays secure and safe with our service. Nobody will ever know that you've got turned for us to get customized essay writing help. We all the time examine every paper for quality and plagiarism earlier than we ship them to the purchasers. We want every consumer to inform his/her mates about us, so we create sturdy relationships with each buyer and offer numerous ensures to ensure a perfect expertise. For example, we now have a Money-Back Guarantee that enables any customer to request his/her a refund if he or she isn't happy with our work. Besides, we now have a loyalty program that makes our company very fashionable among college students. If you're additionally in search of a dependable custom writing company with a flawless popularity, you could have come to the proper place! Just fill in an order type, and we guarantee that we will make you happy. We suggest numerous advantages to our clients so that college students know that they will all the time rely on us. We at all times strive to satisfy our clients at every step of cooperating with us, from ordering to reviewing. You can flip to us with a request, “write my essay” even with the most sophisticated matters, and we will deal with your order.

What Is A Research Paper?

What Is A Research Paper? We do not encourage or endorse any activities that violate relevant law or any college or university insurance policies. Now is your time to enlist the highest 2% expertise, handpicked for you, and make your paper ace. While writing the research paper, remember that your work shall be learn not just by scientists concerned within the topic but by ordinary individuals. We take a minimum of three hours to craft a paper of the affordable quantity as it's apparent that writing, for example, a thirteen-page study on the latest developments in DNA modification is hardly attainable. Remember that a shorter deadline could enhance the general worth of your order. In case you need to get the most effective deal and purchase a research paper for cheap, attempt ordering in advance. You can buy a highschool essay or research paper for less than $10/web page. If you wish to pay to have your faculty paper written, it will price you a mere $12/page. Then let our academics build you a foolproof paper after hours of analysis. We deliver research papers that are ready for submission to our prospects and hence, there may be nothing to fret about when we've your paper. Use easy phrases and do not deny to use a easy sentence. Otherwise, the reader will be lost in too lengthy and complicated text. Devote no less than one sentence per paragraph for an argument. Do not neglect to look up for an argument in works you’ve cited to put in writing a research paper. Also, papers are reviewed for plagiarism and grammar errors. It's time to get excellent writing on time and luxuriate in probably the most valuable time of your youth. An expert is assigned to work in your order if this particular person is the most appropriate candidate - you'll be able to make certain that this writer is the most effective on your objective. I requested them to write my project, I can not imagine the result. They wrote a properly-structured portfolio with good analysis into the activities and included an excellent critical evaluation of the Business Macro-setting. Firstly, choose the topic on which you assume you have basic knowledge on and on which you'll write with higher understanding. We ask prospects to offer suggestions after their orders are delivered, so we predict to listen to from you too. Look through the content and resolve whether or not you are a hundred% satisfied or some things ought to be revised and glued by the assigned author. Keep in contact to study concerning the progress that your author makes as they go alongside. The success of this company rests totally in your assist, which in flip is bolstered by low costs and excessive-high quality content material. Furthermore, we fully understand that you are already encumbered by steep school tuition and don’t need to add to your monetary load by charging excessive costs. Therefore, we're extending our provide of writing paper assist for cheap. Anonymous Ordering We delight ourselves on providing the most secure writing help on the Web. Don’t let that research paper stress you out or somewhat take all your time when you'll be able to ahead the duty to us, seat and relax as we do all of the give you the results you want. Is that analysis paper pressurizing you due to deadline and consuming all of your time such that you could’t do any other thing. Feel free to forward it to us, and we are going to deal with it just the way in which you want if not better. We assure security, privateness and confidentiality to our prospects in all the papers that we deal with. All mannequin papers offered by acemypaper.com must be properly referenced. If you aren't completely enjoying your buyer expertise, get your a refund. You can verify the standard of our work by taking a look at various paper examples within the Samples part on our web site. All orders are accomplished from scratch following your directions. Another facet whereas deciding on a topic is that choose a topic that the readers wish to examine and not those vague topics like the ban on smoking, laws of drink and drive etcetera. Although, we are going to provide you with the list of helpful instructional subjects later within the text; before that listed below are some of the basic suggestions on the way to select a good matter on your analysis paper. Writing my papers this year has been a wrestle, what with all those midterms and work. Now, barring some sort of a zombie apocalypse, a minimum of I know my papers are taken care of haha. Don't you just love it once they assign you a 10-page project during midterms? You can have your paper written without divulging your real identification. Many college students find it extremely handy as a result of it provides them with a greater degree of monetary management. You just need to order upfront and select the bigger deadline whereas filling out the order form with your directions. Satisfaction Guaranteed or Money Back Our firm is outlined not solely by the papers we create but also by our relationships with prospects, and we want these to be good.

Seo Copywriting

Seo Copywriting Additionally, you pay us via fully, secure means. We don't collect extremely delicate info corresponding to credit card numbers. You may surprise why it matters that we don’t outsource our writing work. Not only is there no danger of the meaning of the work being lost in translation , every country has its personal peculiarities in relation to the marking system. It’s necessary that your author understands these quirks, which is why we only employ professional Australians to provide you with your research paper help. Your professors aren’t stupid â€" they know a sample essay after they see one. And chances are they'll run your paper through a plagiarism checker too. We assure all of our papers will move this checking software program a hundred percent of the time. Not only can we write the paper for you, but we additionally do all of the analysis, that means you get to spend the time you would have to waste on research doing one thing you like as a substitute. The finest analysis paper writing Australia, Australian assistance is here whenever you want to say “do my research paper for me”. I contacted this service, and their author helped me so much. Our essay writing service has access to the largest libraries all over the world. Australianhelp.com is a website that gives research paper writing assist. These pesky papers seem to have the only intention of losing your time by having you rehash someone else’s research simply to prove you'll be able to. Under no circumstances will we expose, lease, sell, distribute or in any other case reveal any info you share with us to another entity. the value was okay considering the urgency of my order. Assign free revisions to make a paper even higher. A PRO Masters degree writer will do your essay in three-6 hours. Our team knows and understands the importance of urgency necessities and delivers your academic papers if you want them. Reliable literature and bibliography are assured. Once we obtain the cost, the writer will start working on your paper. You just have to sit down and anticipate the work to be delivered to your email. We encourage you to check the paper properly earlier than submitting to your trainer. If you need some modifications, be at liberty to let us know. This outline will act as a check so that you know how a lot time is allotted to every task. They delivered my paper on time, but the last paragraph didn’t actually meet my requirements. they wrote my essay that was due in 10 hours and literally saved my life. I am a world pupil on the department of history. I needed to take a writing class and my professor didn’t except my ultimate work. For the writer, there are a couple of challenges in not utilizing a company. For one thing, the particular person hiring you is a cheater, and if they'd cheat in school, she or he may attempt to cheat you. For that reason, you should demand full cost upfront, or not ship the paper till the fee is made. You need to provide yourself ample time to grasp the subject earlier than you'll be able to even begin the writing. Plan your paper from beginning to end earlier than you start writing; most college students usually spend an excessive amount of time either researching, writing or doing enhancing. Creating a draft or an overview is essential as you essentially create a Work Breakdown Structure. We leave that to our trusted fee processors corresponding to PayPal. Modern college students of any age have many different occupations to get busy with that it is difficult to locate a number of extra hours to spend on college essay and research papers.

Seo Copywriting

Seo Copywriting Additionally, you pay us via fully, secure means. We don't collect extremely delicate info corresponding to credit card numbers. You may surprise why it matters that we don’t outsource our writing work. Not only is there no danger of the meaning of the work being lost in translation , every country has its personal peculiarities in relation to the marking system. It’s necessary that your author understands these quirks, which is why we only employ professional Australians to provide you with your research paper help. Your professors aren’t stupid â€" they know a sample essay after they see one. And chances are they'll run your paper through a plagiarism checker too. We assure all of our papers will move this checking software program a hundred percent of the time. Not only can we write the paper for you, but we additionally do all of the analysis, that means you get to spend the time you would have to waste on research doing one thing you like as a substitute. The finest analysis paper writing Australia, Australian assistance is here whenever you want to say “do my research paper for me”. I contacted this service, and their author helped me so much. Our essay writing service has access to the largest libraries all over the world. Australianhelp.com is a website that gives research paper writing assist. These pesky papers seem to have the only intention of losing your time by having you rehash someone else’s research simply to prove you'll be able to. Under no circumstances will we expose, lease, sell, distribute or in any other case reveal any info you share with us to another entity. the value was okay considering the urgency of my order. Assign free revisions to make a paper even higher. A PRO Masters degree writer will do your essay in three-6 hours. Our team knows and understands the importance of urgency necessities and delivers your academic papers if you want them. Reliable literature and bibliography are assured. Once we obtain the cost, the writer will start working on your paper. You just have to sit down and anticipate the work to be delivered to your email. We encourage you to check the paper properly earlier than submitting to your trainer. If you need some modifications, be at liberty to let us know. This outline will act as a check so that you know how a lot time is allotted to every task. They delivered my paper on time, but the last paragraph didn’t actually meet my requirements. they wrote my essay that was due in 10 hours and literally saved my life. I am a world pupil on the department of history. I needed to take a writing class and my professor didn’t except my ultimate work. For the writer, there are a couple of challenges in not utilizing a company. For one thing, the particular person hiring you is a cheater, and if they'd cheat in school, she or he may attempt to cheat you. For that reason, you should demand full cost upfront, or not ship the paper till the fee is made. You need to provide yourself ample time to grasp the subject earlier than you'll be able to even begin the writing. Plan your paper from beginning to end earlier than you start writing; most college students usually spend an excessive amount of time either researching, writing or doing enhancing. Creating a draft or an overview is essential as you essentially create a Work Breakdown Structure. We leave that to our trusted fee processors corresponding to PayPal. Modern college students of any age have many different occupations to get busy with that it is difficult to locate a number of extra hours to spend on college essay and research papers.

Seo Copywriting

Seo Copywriting Additionally, you pay us via fully, secure means. We don't collect extremely delicate info corresponding to credit card numbers. You may surprise why it matters that we don’t outsource our writing work. Not only is there no danger of the meaning of the work being lost in translation , every country has its personal peculiarities in relation to the marking system. It’s necessary that your author understands these quirks, which is why we only employ professional Australians to provide you with your research paper help. Your professors aren’t stupid â€" they know a sample essay after they see one. And chances are they'll run your paper through a plagiarism checker too. We assure all of our papers will move this checking software program a hundred percent of the time. Not only can we write the paper for you, but we additionally do all of the analysis, that means you get to spend the time you would have to waste on research doing one thing you like as a substitute. The finest analysis paper writing Australia, Australian assistance is here whenever you want to say “do my research paper for me”. I contacted this service, and their author helped me so much. Our essay writing service has access to the largest libraries all over the world. Australianhelp.com is a website that gives research paper writing assist. These pesky papers seem to have the only intention of losing your time by having you rehash someone else’s research simply to prove you'll be able to. Under no circumstances will we expose, lease, sell, distribute or in any other case reveal any info you share with us to another entity. the value was okay considering the urgency of my order. Assign free revisions to make a paper even higher. A PRO Masters degree writer will do your essay in three-6 hours. Our team knows and understands the importance of urgency necessities and delivers your academic papers if you want them. Reliable literature and bibliography are assured. Once we obtain the cost, the writer will start working on your paper. You just have to sit down and anticipate the work to be delivered to your email. We encourage you to check the paper properly earlier than submitting to your trainer. If you need some modifications, be at liberty to let us know. This outline will act as a check so that you know how a lot time is allotted to every task. They delivered my paper on time, but the last paragraph didn’t actually meet my requirements. they wrote my essay that was due in 10 hours and literally saved my life. I am a world pupil on the department of history. I needed to take a writing class and my professor didn’t except my ultimate work. For the writer, there are a couple of challenges in not utilizing a company. For one thing, the particular person hiring you is a cheater, and if they'd cheat in school, she or he may attempt to cheat you. For that reason, you should demand full cost upfront, or not ship the paper till the fee is made. You need to provide yourself ample time to grasp the subject earlier than you'll be able to even begin the writing. Plan your paper from beginning to end earlier than you start writing; most college students usually spend an excessive amount of time either researching, writing or doing enhancing. Creating a draft or an overview is essential as you essentially create a Work Breakdown Structure. We leave that to our trusted fee processors corresponding to PayPal. Modern college students of any age have many different occupations to get busy with that it is difficult to locate a number of extra hours to spend on college essay and research papers.

batteries recharging

batteries recharging this is the third IAP ive spent on MIT. trust me, i really tried to get away, but my research called to me and i decided to forego a bunch of cool things i had applied to (externships, GTL) in order to go hard mode on my research project. i also expected to be really fucking lonely, because my boyfriend is doing GTL and SO MANY of my friends are gone as well. tl;dr i wasnt *super* looking forward to this IAP. but HOLY crap, this IAP really hits different. i forgot what it was like to not have to fill my day with psets and project deadlines. lets do a comparison here are, respectively, my firehose from the semester and my current IAP calendar. a screenshot of hell a screenshot of HEAVEN look at all that white space! look at all that unstructured time! granted, i am spending a lot of that on my UROP01 when im feeling motivated, i go in to lab at around noon, leave at 4:45 for fencing, and then sometimes go back at night to squeeze some more work in , but thats work i want to be doing, and not another soul-sucking pset that i have to complete in 12 hours. heres a list of all the fun things im doing / have done this IAP (and WOW, there are SO MANY OF THEM): my UROP!!! i think i talk about how much i love my UROP in like, every blog post i make, so i wont talk about it much more here. basically im just chugging out a ton of work so i can get my actual project closer to completion, and maybe even start running studies by the beginning of next semester! fencing fencing is kind of intense over IAP because we have meets almost every weekend starting on the 25th, and practice every day of the week, and also no excuse to skip practice because its IAP and theres lots of free time. but i love my sport and practicing without the looming pressure of fifteen million different assignments to complete is exceedingly fun. unhealthy amounts of super smash ultimate i swear i played for five hours straight the other day. and the best part is that other people are also willing to play for five hours straight as well. truly a vicious cycle cultivating a singstagram my friend and i started a singstagram and a soundcloud! we love music and he has recording hardware that we can make *professional* covers of our favorite songs with. over IAP, weve had a lot more time to do this because we always have to do like a million takes of a song before were satisfied. shameless plug: you can follow our singstagram here and our soundcloud here :,). i also blew a lot of money on a gorgeous new guitar, which was totally worth it LOOK HOW BEAUTIFUL IT IS doing fun things with my friends   i commented on this a lot last semester, but i really didnt see ANY of my friends at all last semester. i only saw the people i was in classes with, my hallmates occasionally, and my boyfriend. but IAP is the time to catch up on all of these mistakes. i went to NYC and went on a ~15 hour bender with a bunch of alum friends, and have gone out to dinner more times in the last week than i probably did in the entire semester. im also going to bar trivia the cocktail class   MIT offers a cocktail making class for students who are over 21 during IAP! an MIT alum teaches it and i now know way more science about alcohol than i ever expected to. THE BOJACK FINALE   im so excited jesus christ when i'm feeling motivated, i go in to lab at around noon, leave at 4:45 for fencing, and then sometimes go back at night to squeeze some more work in back to text ?

Elizabeth Barrett Browning - 789 Words

Emotions in â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Robert Frost said: â€Å"Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.† (Robert Frost) Emotions is the basis of poetry, which describe the main message of it and the authors purpose. In â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways†, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the author expresses her tremulous feelings to her husband Robert Browning by using strong emotions that allows her to produce a surprisingly passionate poem. Starting with the title â€Å"How Do I Love Thee,† the reader can already guess that a poem is about a big love. (Barret Browning 509) The title also shows that an author loves a significant person in many different†¦show more content†¦She has this feeling by her own free will, by decision of her heart: â€Å"I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.† (Barret Browning 509) The simile makes this poetry more interesting and lyrical. As a strong emotional instrument, the simile emphasizes the power of author’s love without a benefit or advantage. Comparison her feelings shows to the audience her uncompromising devoting herself to her lovely husband no matter what happens. Elizabeth Barrett Browning gained a love that instinctively felt long before the meeting with her future husband. The ninth and tenth lines described the author as a passionate flower blossoming in marriage with her husband: â€Å"I love thee with the passion put to use, In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.† (Barret Browning 509) She did not know about such a deep and strong love before she met Mr. Browning. The connection between the spouses is so reliable, that a wife fully trusts him herself and her life. With the childhood faith, she is ready to open her soul for him. The author is confessing her greatest love as her mission. The line â€Å"I love thee with a love I seemed to lose with my lost saints† providing her emotional condition. (Barret Browning 509) She will live as long as she loves him and she is ready to sacrifice herself for their holy love. In the last two lines, Mrs. Barrett Browning exhibits a verdict that she wants to get from God: â€Å"Smiles, tears, of all my life; and,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Browning And Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary works usually describe the condition of their period directly or indirectly. The two authors, Roberts Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, also expose the culture and the condition of the society of the Victorian era through their works. The authors are married couple authors of the Victorian era. Roberts Browning’s a typical literary work is My Last Duchess. Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s one of the most famous work is Aurora Leigh. In the two poems, the authors mainly focus on the differentRead MoreEssay On Elizabeth Barrett Browning955 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Victorian Era. She was born on March 6, 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. Barrett had a big family, she was the oldest out of 12 children. Her parents, Mary Graham Clarke and Edward Barrett, educated their children at home. The family made their money off of Jamaican sugar plantations and depended on slave labor. Barrett began her love for reading and writing poetry at a very young age. She began reading the classicRead More Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born in 1806 in County Durham, England. She was the eldest of twelve children born to Edward Barrett Moulin Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, or Ba, grew up in her family’s estate Hope End, Henfordshire. They were part of the upper-middle class, owning a successful sugar trade. Elizabeth began writing at a very early age. When she was twelve her father had her first epic poem The Battle of Marathon privatelyRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning was born on March 6, 1806, in Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. She was the eldest of eleven children born of Edward and Mary Moulton-Barrett (DISCovering Authors). Her father was a â€Å"possessive and autocratic man loved by his children even though he rigidly controlled their lives† (Encyclopedia of World Biography). Although he forbid his daughters to marry, he always managed to encourage their scholarly pursuits (DISCovering Authors). Her mother, Mary Graham-Clarke, was a prosperousRead MoreThe Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was born March 6, 1806 in Durham, England to Edward Barrett Moulton-Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke. She was the eldest of twelve. Her father made the family fortune from a sugar plantation. In 1809, the Barretts moved to an estate called Hope End in England. Elizabeth Barrett’s childhood was spent happily at the family’s home in England. She had no formal education, learning solely from her brother’s tutor and from her continuous reading. She managed over the yearsRead MoreSpeech And Writing Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning1002 Words   |  5 Pageslived enough to know,† -Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Aurora Leigh v. 187). In the Victorian Age, a woman s greatest duty was that of being a wife and a mother. Women were told that they must be graceful, quiet, dependent, passive and to love with an absence of passion. They were of little individual worth apart from their husbands. A woman s enthusiastic interest in a higher, more a dvanced education was most definitely frowned upon by society. Elizabeth Barrett Browning outrightly questioned andRead MoreThe Cry Of The Children By Elizabeth Barrett Browning1368 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Cry of the Children† is a poignant look into the horrid practice of child labor that took place in the mines and factories of 1840’s industrial England. Browning paints such a vivid, disturbing picture that she aroused the conscience of the entire nation. A new historicist perspective into this poem will help understand why Browning decided to take a stand and speak up for these children through her work. The poem opens with,† Do ye hear the children weeping,Read MoreSonnet 21 By Elizabeth Barrett Browning965 Words   |  4 PagesSonnet 21 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is a poem where the speaker is questioning her partner s love for her. Barrett Browing uses a Petrarchan line scheme and iambic pentameter. The tone of the poem is riddled with raw emotion, uncertainty, and vulnerability. Throughout Sonnet 21, Barrett Browning demonstrates that the bloom of love, like spring flowers, is fleeting. The poem opens with, Say over again, and yet once over again,/ That thou dost love me (Barrett Browning 1-2). The opening lineRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning s The Cry Of The Children1067 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Cry of the Children† Like many writers in the Victorian Age, Elizabeth Barrett Browning used her poetry as a platform to reach a larger audience to bring awareness to contemporary social issues (Greenblatt, â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning† pp. 1,123). Common issues that were written about during the Victorian Age included inequality between men and women, child labor and the American abolitionist movement (1,123). According to the first footnote referenced in her poemRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning s The Battle Of Marathon1008 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning was born on March 6, 1806 in England. She was the first of twelve children. Her family were wealthy sugar plantation owners on the British held island of Jamaica Elizabeth was encouraged by her mother to learn several different languages and by the time she was six she knew French, Latin and Greek. In 1816, at age 10, Elizabeth was so proficient in French, she composed a classical French tragedy, Regulus. By the time she was twelve she was writing short novels and

Human Resource Management And Organizational Planning

1.0 Introduction Effective human resource (HR) planning requires appropriate strategy formulation as well as implementation of those strategies to achieve organizational objectives (Bratton and Gold, 2012). The statement in the task made by Torrington, Hall, Taylor and Atkinson in their book named ‘Human Resource Management’ published under Pearson education focuses on the implementation stage of the HR strategies by the organizations and entrepreneurs. The statement â€Å"Human resource strategies can be stimulating to produce and satisfying to display, but how can we make sure that they are implemented?† (Torrington et al., 2011:73) can be segregated into two parts. In the first part, the authors are complacent about the advantages of the various HR strategies for organizational planning and understanding the role those may play for the organizational success. However, in the second part the authors have become sceptic about the implementation of the available strategies and it indicates the lack of measurement techniques implemented by the management to observe the actual outcome of initiating those HR strategies. The next section would discuss the related literature review addressing this issue to cover the most relevant topics i.e. HR strategies modes, HR strategy implementation process, measurement techniques and key performance indicators etc. The analysis of the statement would primarily focus on the implementation stage of the HR strategies, availability of differentShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure Of The Atha Corporation Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Structure Human Resources Functional Area As the Atha Corporation grows changes will need to occur to the structure of each functional area. Within H.R. we added two more Human Resource Generalists. These generalists will simply be used for management to delegate more tasks and take on the goals planned. One new generalist will focus on culture, incentives, welfare and safety, and employee counseling. The other will focus on recruiting, building space planning, performance managementRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) Concepts1429 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) concepts are strongly tied to management effectiveness as well as an organizations overall success. In this report the author will examine the importance of a strong human resource department and how that influences the day-to-day running of the business. â€Å"Increasingly, what makes organizations effectiveness is how they organize staff and manage their human capital. It’s important for organizations to have the right amount o f financial capital and hard assets, butRead MoreTraining Needs Assessment, Evaluation, Success, And Organizational Strategy And Effectiveness1035 Words   |  5 Pages1. Anderson, J.E. (2000). Training needs assessment, evaluation, success, and organizational strategy and effectiveness: An exploration of the relationships. (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University. Logan, UT). 2. Appelbaum, S.H., Ayre, H. Shapiro, B.T. (2002). Career management in information technology: A case study. Career Development International, 7(3), 142-158. 3. Arokiasamy, L., Ismail, M., Ahmad, A. Othman, J. (2011). Predictors of academics’ career advancement at Malaysian privateRead MoreHuman Resources And Human Resource Development Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource development is a broadly used term that refers to the helping employees develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities (The Balance. N.p.). The term has different connotations as it may refer to development of human capacities with the aim raising profit in business but also, especially in developing countries, with the aim of achieving personal and societal advancement (Cengage Learning, 2016.). Human resource development can be used by both public organizationsRead MoreInfluence Of Organizational Culture On Corporate Performance746 Words   |  3 Pagessupport the proposition that organizational culture is found to be a filter through which leadership influences various performance outcomes. Human Resource Management Organizational culture affects corporate performance. Corporate culture is a deeply embedded form of social control that influences employee decisions and behavior. Culture is persistent and operates unintentionally. It is an automatic pilot directing employees in ways that are consistent with organizational expectations. CorporateRead MoreEmployee Training and Career Development Paper1300 Words   |  6 Pagesassistant-to positions allows the employees with clear potential to experience a variety of management activities as staff assistants or special boards, performing many duties while being supervised by a supportive coach. This can be a way of preparing the employee for a higher work level. The committee assignment is a method that allows the employee to participate in committees destined to examine and solve organizational issues, where the employee can voice recommendations, while being scrutinized by theRead MoreAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior1638 Words   |  7 PagesAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior 1. Define organizational behavior (OB) and explain its roots - a field of study that seeks to understand, explain, predict and change human behavior, both individual and collective, in the organizational context - includes 3 levels ï  ® individual: employee motivation and perception ï  ® group: teams, communication, job design, and leadership ï  ® organization-wide: change, culture and organizational structure ï  ® interorganizational (network): outsourcingRead MoreEmployee Training and Development Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesEmployee Training and Career Development The objective of organizational development is to increase the long-term health and performance of the company while inspiring the lives of its employees. The emphasis is on organizational culture that influences the way people work, by removing obstacles and increasing motivation, where there is culture of continual improvement and part of everyday life. Training and organizational development empowers individual employees and leaders, and aligns sharedRead MoreThe Unique Role of Human Resources in Health Care Facilities Essay example1253 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource (HR) management is a system of activities and strategies that focus on successfully managing employees at all levels of an organization to achieve organizational goals (Niles, 3). The role of human resource management is that of a partnership between the human resources department and management regardless of the organizational type. The human resource and management partnership is unique in the healthcare industry because many healthcare organizations have a dualRead MoreStudent Choices Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesAnswer for Case 1A: Trader Joe’s 1. How does Trader Joe’s design jobs for increased job satisfaction and higher performance? Job satisfaction has positive relationship with higher performance. The satisfied employees will produce organizational citizenship behaviors which will impact on the higher performance workforce. Trader Joe’s has designed jobs to increase job satisfaction by showing appreciation in providing more benefits to their employees than other chain grocers. Trader Joe’s provide

Trojan Horse Free Essays

Over the last twenty years, a technological revolution has occurred as computers are now an essential element of today’s society. Large computers are used to track reservations for the airline industry, process billions of dollars for banks, manufacture products for industry, and conduct major transactions for businesses because more and more people now have computers at home and at the office. People commit computer crimes because of society’s declining ethical standards more than any economic need. We will write a custom essay sample on Trojan Horse or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to experts, gender is the only bias. The profile of today’s non-professional thieves crosses all races, age groups and economic strata. Computer criminals tend to be relatively honest and in a position of trust: few would do anything to harm another human, and most do not consider their crime to be truly dishonest. Most are males: women have tended to be accomplices, though of late they are becoming more aggressive. Computer Criminals tend to usually be â€Å"between the ages of 14-30, they are usually bright, eager, highly motivated, adventuresome, and willing to accept technical challenges. (Shannon, 16:2) â€Å"It is tempting to liken computer criminals to other criminals, ascribing characteristics somehow different from ‘normal’ individuals, but that is not the case. â€Å"(Sharp, 18:3) It is believed that the computer criminal â€Å"often marches to the same drum as the potential victim but follows and unanticipated path. â€Å"(Blumenthal, 1:2) There is no actual profile of a computer criminal because they range from young teens to elders, from black to white, from short to tall. Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and misusers of computers have expanded into new areas. â€Å"When computers were first introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of white-collar crime committed inside a computer system. â€Å"(2600:Summer 92,p. 13) Some new terms have been added to the computer criminal vocabulary. â€Å"Trojan Horse is a hidden code put into a computer program. Logic bombs are implanted so that the perpetrator doesn’t have to physically present himself or herself. † (Phrack 12,p. 3) Another form of a hidden code is â€Å"salamis. † It came from the big salami loaves sold in delis years ago. Often people would take small portions of bites that were taken out of them and then they were secretly returned to the shelves in the hopes that no one would notice them missing. (Phrack 12,p. 44) Congress has been reacting to the outbreak of computer crimes. â€Å"The U. S. House of Judiciary Committee approved a bipartisan computer crime bill that was expanded to make it a federal crime to hack into credit and other data bases protected by federal privacy statutes. (Markoff, B 13:1) This bill is generally creating several categories of federal misdemeanor felonies for unauthorized access to computers to obtain money, goods or services or classified information. This also applies to computers used by the federal government or used in interstate of foreign commerce which would cover any system accessed by interstate telecommunication systems. â€Å"Computer crime often requires more sophistications than people realize it. â€Å"(Sullivan, 40:4) Many U. S. businesses have ended up in bankruptcy court unaware that they have been victimized by disgruntled employees. American businesses wishes that the computer security nightmare would vanish like a fairy tale. Information processing has grown into a gigantic industry. â€Å"It accounted for $33 billion in services in 1983, and in 1988 it was accounted to be $88 billion. † (Blumenthal, B 1:2) All this information is vulnerable to greedy employees, nosy-teenagers and general carelessness, yet no one knows whether the sea of computer crimes is â€Å"only as big as the Gulf of Mexico or as huge as the North Atlantic. † (Blumenthal,B 1:2) Vulnerability is likely to increase in the future. And by the turn of the century, â€Å"nearly all of the software to run computers will be bought from vendors rather than developed in houses, standardized software will make theft easier. † (Carley, A 1:1) A two-year secret service investigation code-named Operation Sun-Devil, targeted companies all over the United States and led to numerous seizures. Critics of Operation Sun-Devil claim that the Secret Service and the FBI, which have almost a similar operation, have conducted unreasonable search and seizures, they disrupted the lives and livelihoods of many people, and generally conducted themselves in an unconstitutional manner. My whole life changed because of that operation. They charged me and I had to take them to court. I have to thank 2600 and Emmanuel Goldstein for publishing my story. I owe a lot to the fellow hackers and fellow hackers and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for coming up with the blunt of the legal fees so we could fight for our rights. † (Interview with Steve Jackson, fellow hacker, who was charged in operation Sun Devil) The case of Steve Jackson Games vs. Secret Service has yet to come to a verdict yet but should very soon. The secret service seized all of Steve Jackson’s computer materials which he made a living on. They charged that he made games that published information on how to commit computer crimes. He was being charged with running a underground hack system. â€Å"I told them it was only a game and that I was angry and that was the way that I tell a story. I never thought Hacker [Steve Jackson’s game] would cause such a problem. My biggest problem was that they seized the BBS (Bulletin Board System) and because of that I had to make drastic cuts, so we laid of eight people out of 18. If the Secret Service had just come with a subpoena we could have showed or copied every file in the building for them. (Steve Jackson Interview) Computer professionals are grappling not only with issues of free speech and civil liberties, but also with how to educate the public and the media to the difference between on-line computer experimenters. They also point out that, while the computer networks and the results are a new kind of crime, they are protected by the same laws and freedom of any real world domain. â€Å"A 14-year old boy connects his home computer to a television line, and taps into the computer at his neighborhood bank and regularly transfers money into his personnel account. â€Å"(2600:Spring 93,p. 9) On paper and on screens a popular new mythology is growing quickly in which computer criminals are the ‘Butch Cassidys’ of the electronic age. â€Å"These true tales of computer capers are far from being futuristic fantasies. â€Å"(2600:Spring 93:p. 19) They are inspired by scores of real life cases. Computer crimes are not just crimes against the computer, but it is also against the theft of money, information, software, benefits and welfare and many more. â€Å"With the average damage from a computer crime amounting to about $. 5 million, sophisticated computer crimes can rock the industry. (Phrack 25,p. 6) Computer crimes can take on many forms. Swindling or stealing of money is one of the most common computer crime. An example of this kind of crime is the Well Fargo Bank that discovered an employee was using the banks computer to embezzle $21. 3 million, it is the largest U. S. electronic bank fraud on record. (Phrack 23,p. 46) Credit Card scams are also a type of computer crime. This is one that fears many people and for good reasons. A fellow computer hacker that goes by the handle of Raven is someone who uses his computer to access credit data bases. In a talk that I had with him he tried to explain what he did and how he did it. He is a very intelligent person because he gained illegal access to a credit data base and obtained the credit history of local residents. He then allegedly uses the residents names and credit information to apply for 24 Mastercards and Visa cards. He used the cards to issue himself at least 40,000 in cash from a number of automatic teller machines. He was caught once but was only withdrawing $200 and in was a minor larceny and they couldn’t prove that he was the one who did the other ones so he was put on probation. I was 17 and I needed money and the people in the underground taught me many things. I would not go back and not do what I did but I would try not to get caught next time. I am the leader of HTH (High Tech Hoods) and we are currently devising other ways to make money. If it weren’t for my computer my life would be nothing like it is today. â€Å"(Interview w/Raven) â€Å"Finally, one of the thefts involving the computer is the theft of computer time. Most of us don’t realize this as a crime, but the congress consider this as a crime. â€Å"(Ball,V85) Everyday people are urged to use the computer but sometimes the use becomes excessive or improper or both. For example, at most colleges computer time is thought of as free-good students and faculty often computerizes mailing lists for their churches or fraternity organizations which might be written off as good public relations. But, use of the computers for private consulting projects without payment of the university is clearly improper. In business it is the similar. Management often looks the other way when employees play computer games or generate a Snoopy calendar. But, if this becomes excessive the employees is stealing work time. And computers can only process only so many tasks at once. Although considered less severe than other computer crimes such activities can represent a major business loss. â€Å"While most attention is currently being given to the criminal aspects of computer abuses, it is likely that civil action will have an equally important effect on long term security problems. â€Å"(Alexander, V119) The issue of computer crimes draw attention to the civil or liability aspects in computing environments. In the future there may tend to be more individual and class action suits. Computer crimes are fast and growing because the evolution of technology is fast, but the evolution of law is slow. While a variety of states have passed legislation relating to computer crime, the situation is a national problem that requires a national solution. Controls can be instituted within industries to prevent such crimes. Protection measures such as hardware identification, access controls software and disconnecting critical bank applications should be devised. However, computers don’t commit crimes; people do. The perpetrator’s best advantage is ignorance on the part of those protecting the system. Proper internal controls reduce the opportunity for fraud. How to cite Trojan Horse, Essay examples

Many tasks that a cell must perform, such as movem Essays

Many tasks that a cell must perform, such as movement and the synthesis of macromolecules, require energy. A large portion of the cell's activities are therefore devoted to obtaining energy from the environment and using that energy to drive energy-requiring reactions. Although enzymes control the rates of virtually all chemical reactions within cells, the equilibrium position of chemical reactions is not affected by enzymatic catalysis. The laws of thermodynamics govern chemical equilibria and determine the energetically favorable direction of all chemical reactions. Many of the reactions that must take place within cells are energetically unfavorable, and are therefore able to proceed only at the cost of additional energy input. Consequently, cells must constantly expend energy derived from the environment. The generation and utilization of metabolic energy is thus fundamental to all of cell biology. The energetics of biochemical reactions are best described in terms of the thermodynamic function called Gibbs free energy (G), named for Josiah Willard Gibbs. The change in free energy (G) of a reaction combines the effects of changes in enthalpy (the heat that is released or absorbed during a chemical reaction) and entropy (the degree of disorder resulting from a reaction) to predict whether or not a reaction is energetically favorable. All chemical reactions spontaneously proceed in the energetically favorable direction, accompanied by a decrease in free energy (G 0). For example, consider a hypothetical reaction in which A is converted to B: If G 0, this reaction will proceed in the forward direction, as written. If G 0, however, the reaction will proceed in the reverse direction and B will be converted to A. The G of a reaction is determined not only by the intrinsic properties of reactants and products, but also by their concentrations and other reaction conditions (e.g., temperature). It is thus useful to define the free-energy change of a reaction under standard conditions. (Standard conditions are considered to be a 1-M concentration of all reactants and products, and 1 atm of pressure). The standard free-energy change (G) of a reaction is directly related to its equilibrium position because the actual G is a function of both G and the concentrations of reactants and products.

Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance-2005 Essays

Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance-2005 Essays Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance-2005 Essay Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance-2005 Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Report Food safety legislation should be developed and updated taking into consideration specific needs of consumers and food producers, development in technology, emerging hazards, changing consumer demands and new requirements for trade, harmonization with international and regional standards, obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, as well as social, religious and cultural habits. The implementation of food safety legislation throughout the food chain is essential in establishing an effective food safety system. Effective national food control systems are essential to protect the health and safety of domestic consumers. They are also critical in enabling countries to assure the safety and quality of their foods entering international trade and to ensure that imported foods conform to national requirements. The Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance-2005 is the Bangladeshi food legislations that form the backbone of the food safety programme. The objective of the pure Food Act 2005 is to ensure that the public is protected from health hazards and fraud in the preparation, sale and use of foods and for matters connected therewith. . 2 Scope of the report Shehely Parvin, Assistant professor, Dhaka University and instructor of MKT-510 course made me to undertake the responsibility of preparing a project on â€Å"Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005†. This report is required as a part of fulfilling the objectives of a project course (MKT-510) 1. 3 Objective of the Study This report has an objectiv e to study, measure and analyze the implication, implementation performance of Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005. This report has divided into six major chapters, mainly focuses on 1. Pure food act of Bangladesh . Implications of pure act in Bangladesh 3. Recommendations for proper implementation of pure food act 1. 4 Methodology: To complete and prepare the report I had to collect information from different sources, persons, and industries. It required two sources of information namely primary source and secondary source. Data from both primary and secondary sources were used to generate the report. Figure 1: Sources of data I Data from primary source: ? Interview and face-to-face conversation with various types of persons ? Informally collected Information’s through discussion. Suggestion of many executives also helped to enrich the report. ? Practical work exposures. II Data from Secondary source: ? Information is collected from Brochures and Relevant books. ? Data sou rces of different food companies. ? News Paper Magazine regarding Banking issues, Seminar papers and so on. 1. 5 Limitations 1. Time Constraint: Compared with the time the task is large that why it becomes difficult to complete the task on time properly. 2. Lack of Information: Lack of enough information was another constraint that extended our limitations. CHAPTER 2 FOOD SAFETY: A PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITY Safe food contributes to health and productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. People are becoming increasingly concerned about the health risks posed by microbial pathogens and potentially hazardous chemicals in food. Up to one-third of the populations of developed countries are affected by food borne illness each year, and the problem is likely to be even more widespread in developing countries. The poor are the most susceptible to ill-health. Food and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases, for example, are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing an estimated 2. million people annually, most of whom are children. Diarrhoea is the most common symptom of food borne illness, but other serious consequences include kidney and liver failure, brain and neural disorders, and death. Food safety refers to the potential hazards associated with food that can cause ill-health in humans. Certain of these hazards are naturall y-occurring (for example aflatoxins in groundnuts), whilst others occur through contamination (for example pesticide residues in fruit). The potential hazards associated with food include the following (Unnevehr and Hirschhorn, 2000; WHO, 2002): Food safety is of particular concern in a developing country context not only because of the high prevalence of food-borne illness and other hazards associated with food, but also because of the considerable economic and social costs that, in turn, reflect prevailing levels of economic development. 2. 1 Major Issues in Food Safety Food borne illness can be caused by microbiological, chemical or physical hazards. The nature and extent of these risks are being elucidated by an increasing body of scientific data, although several areas of information gathering, such as the surveillance of food borne illness, need to be strengthened. There is also mounting concern about new technologies and especially the introduction of genetically modified organisms into the food supply. 2. 1. 1 Microbiological hazards Food borne illness caused by microorganisms is a large and growing public health problem. Most countries with systems for reporting cases of food borne illness have documented significant increases over the past few decades in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food, including pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and enterohaemorrhagic, Escherichia coli, and parasites such as cryptosporidium, cryptospora, trematodes. Changes in farm practices, more extensive food distribution systems and the increasing preference for meat and poultry in developing countries all have the potential to increase the incidence of food borne illness. Extensive food distribution systems raise the potential for rapid, widespread distribution of contaminated food products. Changes in food production result in new types of food that may harbor less common pathogens. Intensive animal husbandry technologies, introduced to minimize production costs, have led to the emergence of new zoonotic diseases, which affect humans. Changes in eating patterns, such as a preference for fresh and minimally processed foods, the increasingly longer interval between processing and consumption of foods and the increasing prevalence of eating food prepared outside the home all contribute to the increased incidences of food borne illness ascribed to microbiological organisms. Effective management of microbiological hazards is enhanced through the use of tools such as Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems. 2. 1. 2 Chemical hazards Chemicals are a significant source of foodborne illness, although effects are often difficult to link with a particular food. Chemical contaminants in food include natural toxicants such as mycotoxins and marine toxins, environmental contaminants such as mercury, lead, radionuclides and dioxins, and naturally occurring chemicals in plants, such as glycoalkaloids in potatoes. Food additives and nutrients such as vitamins and essential minerals, pesticide and veterinary drug residues are deliberately used to increase or improve the food supply, but assurance must first be obtained that all such uses are safe. Chemical contamination of food can affect health after a single exposure or, more often, after long-term exposure; however, the health consequences of exposure to chemicals in food are often inadequately understood. While assessments of the risks associated with exposure to pesticides, veterinary drugs and food additives are usually supported by extensive information; fewer data are available on the toxicology of contaminants in food. 2. 1. 3 Surveillance of food borne disease Effective control of foodborne disease must be based on evaluated information about foodborne hazards and the incidence of food borne disease. Development of a strategy must be based on an appreciation of the targets and time-frame for improving food safety. This should be an on-going process, in which new targets are set when old ones are achieved, and progress should be monitored continuously in targeted surveys. The absence of reliable data on the burden of food borne disease impedes understanding about its public health importance and prevents the development of risk-based solutions to its management. Innovative strategies and methods are needed for surveying food borne disease and food contamination. A laboratory-based surveillance system should be based on sentinel sites and regional and/or international laboratory networks. A necessary prerequisite for risk-based strategies based on optimized surveys is an interdisciplinary approach involving strong collaboration among all sectors dealing with food borne disease surveillance and food safety in the health sector. . 1. 4 New Technologies New technologies, such as genetic engineering, irradiation of food, ohmic heating and modified atmosphere packaging, can be used to increase agricultural production, extend shelf life or make food safer. Their potential benefit for public health is great: for example, genetic engineering of plants has the potential to increase the nutrient content of foods, decrease their allergenicity and improve the efficiency of food production. Some new technologies benefit the health and economy of communities and contribute to sustainable development. 2. 1. 5 Capacity building Most developed countries continue to expand the capacity to protect their populations from exposure to unacceptable levels of microorganisms and chemicals in food. Public awareness of the risks involved is relatively high in these countries, and many governments have made clear commitments to improve food safety. The consumption of locally produced food is more common in developing countries. Fewer processed and packaged foods are available, large volumes of fresh food are traded in traditional markets, and food eaten outside the home is typically prepared by street vendors. Most of the concern for food safety is related to inappropriate use of agricultural chemicals, poor storage of food, an absence of food inspection, lack of infrastructure such as potable water and adequate refrigeration and lack of awareness about food safety and hygiene. Many developing countries are poorly equipped to respond to existing and emerging food safety problems. They lack technical and financial resources, an effective institutional framework, trained manpower and sufficient information about the hazards and risks involved. The risks are especially great in countries where low national income coincides with rapid industrial and agricultural development. 2. 2 Importance of Food Safety Food safety and sanitation are considered to be a key issue to ensure overall food security in Bangladesh. Food is the major source of human exposure to pathogenic agents, both chemical and biological (viruses, parasites, bacteria), from which no individual is spared. The importance of food safety stems from: (1) Food being the primary mode of transmission of infectious disease; (2) The intricate linkage with development- governs individual and community health, national productivity, and promotes export potential thus earns foreign exchange; (3) Emerged as prominent sources of conflict in international agricultural trade. Biotechnology has raised some food safety concerns as new scientific methods to assess the safety of food derived from biotechnology have yet to be developed and agreed upon internationally. Urban population are gradually shifting from cereal-based diets and would likely generate a demand for fish, livestock, horticultural, forest produce as well as processed items, in turn necessitating safety load of associated transport, storage and marketing infrastructure. CHAPTER 3 PRESENT STATUS OF FOOD SAFETY IN BANGLADESH Food safety is a highly complex issue. Many food safety challenges in Bangladesh are well-known and the concerned stakeholders are aware of the need to improve the national food control system. An estimated 45 million people in Bangladesh suffer from food poisoning or some kind of food borne diseases round the year, pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and virus as well as chemical contaminants like pesticides, residues, heavy metals and food additives lead to food borne diseases around the world. Bangladesh is in worse condition due to poor awareness about food safety among producers and consumers. 3. 1. 1 Meat: Bangladesh has a large livestock population but for long time meat processing has remained to a very small section of people. The supply of meat constitutes for all communities of urban and rural areas a factor of economic, hygienic and public health importance, but the situation of meat production and processing with regard to handling, slaughtering and dressing of food animals takes place in a much disorganized way and unsanitary conditions. The public due to unawareness and non-enforcement of laws many a times buy meat, which cannot ensure protection to consumers from the potential danger of inferior quality meat. The finished products are transported to meat shops by rickshaw, cart, vans and shoulder carriage, often lying on unclean surfaces and exposed to health hazardous agents. Blood, ruminal and intestinal contents are either left where the slaughter has taken place or washed down a drain to eventually end up in a pond or a watercourse. 3. 1. 2 Milk and Milk Products: There is no proper systems developed in the production of milk and their products in Bangladesh and the public community does not feel the importance of hygienic milk. Supply of milk from widely scattered sources, non availability of cooling before and during transportation, careless handling and distribution under improper hygienic condition and willful adulteration with pond or river water are all unsanitary activities under which milk is being sold. Moreover the transportation of milk from villages to urban market presents an enormous problem. Milk after production is kept in buckets or earthenware pails and sold to gowallas and milkmen, who ultimately collect milk in big vessels and transport to town and cities on shoulder carriage or bicycle or by road transports and rail. During transportation innumerable opportunities are provided for contamination. 3. 1. 3 Poultry Meat: There is two marketing systems regulate the poultry meat sector in Bangladesh: Firstly marketing of rural scavenging poultry and secondly marketing of broilers. During these pre-harvest and post-harvest activities hygienic conditions are not maintained. 3. 1. 4 Eggs: The egg is an excellent example of a safe food product that normally is well protected by the intrinsic parameters. In Bangladesh eggs are not sold on the basis of quality cleanliness, size and weight but sometimes on the basis of production origin i. e. native or deshi eggs and farm eggs. Improper handling and bad transportation lead to rotting of eggs. However the preservation of egg quality and its public health importance are not given due attention. . 1. 5 Fast Food: The food habits of people all over the world are changing at faster rate and they are increasingly depending on modern food technology. In many supermarkets of developed countries including Bangladesh, nearly 10,000 ready-to-cook types of food items can be seen. Some of the examples of commonly marketed popular food items of animal origin are Meat Burger, Beef patties, Chicken nugget, Corned beef, Meat soups, m eat roll, Chocolate milk, etc. If these foods prepared under poor hygienic environment which may cause outbreaks of disease after ingestion by consumers. 3. 2 ADULTERATION OF FOODS IN BANGLADESH Its Effect |FOOD adulteration is the process of adding chemical substances with foods, which should not be contained within food and beverages. Chemical | | |substances or simply adulterants may be internationally added to substances to reduce manufacturing costs, or for some deceptive or malicious| | |purpose. Adulteration of foods is a common age-long problem of Bangladesh. The food adulteration by vested groups has made the situation | | |worse in Bangladesh. | | |3. 2. 1 Use of fertilizer chemical adulterants | | |Urea: The chemical fertilizer urea is used in our rice to make it whiter, fish in kitchen markets are stored in formaldehyde (used to | | |preserve dead-bodies) to keep them fresh-looking. | |There are many applications of urea such as to grow more food dyeing in textile, bright colour rice bright colour puppet rice, preservation | | |of fish, meat and vegetables, food additive for cow which sells in the Eid- ul-Azha, flavour-enhancing additive for cigarettes. It forms | | |dermatitis or inflammation of the skin (rashes), bulkiness of the body, kidney and liver damage etc. | | |Calcium Carbide: Fruits are ripened artificially using calcium carbide while traces of organo-phosphorus - an insecticide - has been | | |discovered in vegetables in kitchen markets. The nutritional elements that should be in fruits and vegetables, if adulterated with dyes and | | |synthetic colours, are destroyed. | | |Formaline: Formaline has been used for the preservation of noodles, meat, fish etc. It creates in the body violent coughing, headaches, | | |Asthma, Bronchitis, and some other complicated diseases | | |Amylum: Amylum is the polysaccharide carbohydrate, which forms the crystalline form in the liver and creates digestion problem. It is added | | |to sausages as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. | | |3. 2. 2 Use of Health Hazardous Agents For Colouring Food: | | |Some sweetmeat makers from rural areas are unaware of the existence of food colouring and use only industrial dyes in their products. The | | |dough makers in different parts of the country put sulphuric acid in hot milk to make it thicken quickly. Colours and sweeteners are injected| | |into fruits. All artificial colours are highly toxic such as copper, zinc or indigo-based green dyes, are added to soft and hard drinks, and | | |in colouring sweets etc. | | |3. 2. 3 Substituting With Under Quality Food Substances | | |Mogdad seeds and Roasted chicory roots: Mogdad seeds and Roasted chicory roots have been used as adulterants to make cheaper coffee. But | | |those are highly toxic and play an important role in increasing the blood pressure. | |Oleomargarine: Oleomargarine or lard is the fatty acid added to butter, which is cheap and can be easily made industrially. | | |Rapeseed: Rapeseed that has been linked with adverse effects in asthma, allergies and hay fever, is commonly added to sunflower oil and | | |soyabean oil. | | |Rye: Rye flour has been added to barley, bread, wheat flour, and even alum to disguise the use of low-quality flour. But rye can cause both | | |physical and mental harm, including convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, and hallucinations. | |Sugar syrup: Honey is also frequently adulterated, as lab tests have found sugar syrup is often mixed with honey to enhance the sweetness. | | |It is fully responsible for obesity, diabetics, foot ulcers, eyes and nerve damages etc. | | |Animal fat, fake oil: Nowadays, pure butter oil and ghee are also very rare in the market. Dishonest traders use a host of ingredients such | | |as animal fat, palm oil, potato mash, and vegetable oil to produce fake butter oil. They even mix soap ingredients like steirian oil with | | |ghee, to increase the proportions. | |Along with Star Ship, Fresh and Goalini, reportedly use vegetable fat instead of milk. | | | | | | | | |3. 2. 4 Mixing With Nonfood Ingredients | | |Most of the red chilli powder used in the market is adulterated in most cases the spices are mixed with brick dust. | | |Cutting oil has been used for making milk. When milk is made by cutting oil, there is no chance to grow any kind of virus/bacteria and so | | |preservation is unnecessa ry. | CHAPTER 4 Food Safety and Quality Control Framework in Bangladesh Bangladesh has achieved a significant progress in health nutrition of the people. In spite of this progress, still the infant mortality rate is 51/1000 and maternal mortality ratio is 3/1000 livebirths. Some one third of the children born with low birth weight and only 11. 5 % of preschool age children are nutritionally normal. ‘Diarrhoeal diseases is one of the major public health problems in the country. Some two third of these diarrhoeal diseases are food and water borne. Bangladesh is yet to develop a unified Food Safety Administration System and to formulate a Food Safety Policy. But it has a National Food and Nutrition Policy where attention has been given on food safety. There are significant activities in food safety and quality control are going on in the country. A number of Ministries, Departments and Agencies are involved in these activities with a major responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) which has a unique infrastructure to deliver its services throughout the country. Under this Ministry, Management Information System on food safety and food borne illnesses is some extent integrated with the Primary Health Care Programme. It may be mentioned here Bangladesh has signed the WTO Agreement. In Bangladesh, the food safety and quality control framework consists of Laws, Regulations Standards, Administration Inspection and Laboratory analytical services. 4. 1 Laws, Regulations and Standards 4. 1. 1 LAWS AND REGULATIONS a) The Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 1959: This is an ordinance to provide better control of the manufacture and sale of food for human consumption. Now, this Ordinance is under revision as ‘The Bangladesh Pure Food (Amendment) Act, 2004. Under this Act, it has been proposed to constitute a National Food Safety Council ‘headed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as well as to establish Food Courts. (b) The Bangladesh Pure Food Rules, 1967:. In this Rule, there are generic standards for 107 food products. Now, this ‘Rules is under revision. c) The Special Power Act, 1974 (Act No XIV of 1974-as modified up to the 31st July, 1978): An Act to provide special measures for the prevention of certain prejudicial activities, for more speedy trial and effective punishment of certain grave offences. (d) The Food Grain Supply (Prevention of Prejudicial activity) Ordinance, 1956 (Ord. xxvi of 1979): This ordinance provides special measures for prevention of prejudicial activity relating to the storage, movement, transshipment, supply and distribution of food grains. It provides basis for the protection of false statement or information. e) The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance, 1985: This ordinance is to establish an Institution for standardization, testing, metrology, quality control, grading and marking of goods. Within the framework of this ordinance, Government has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI). One import task is to certify the quality of commodities, materials, whether for local consumption, export and import. The Ordinance has been amended as The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Amendment) Act, 2003. Currently, BSTI is developing a ‘Policy on Labelling. BSTI is the Codex Focal Point for Bangladesh. (f) The Radiation Protection Act, 1987: Under this Act, the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB) of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission is primarily involved in food irradiation research and development in the country. (g) The Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Act, 1989: The Government has enacted â€Å"The Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Act, 1989 for universal salt iodisation banned non-iodised salt from market, aimed at virtual elimination of IDD from the country. h) The Essential Commodity Act, 1990: The purpose of administering this act is to stable, maintain or increase supply of essential commodities including foodstuffs. The mandate of Essential Commodity Act also includes broad spectrum of broad spectrum of activities like storage, transport, distribution, disposal, acquisition, use or consumption of any essential commodity. (i) Fish and Fish prod uct (Inspection and Quality Control) Rules, 1997: This section of the Fish and Fish products (Inspection and Control) Ordinance 1983 (Ord xx of 1983) and n conjunction with fish and fish products Inspection and Quality Rules 1989, and other related provisions made there under, the Government has made the Rules: Fish and Fish product (Inspection and Quality Control) Rules, 1997. These Rules are basically meant to develop quality improvement to promote export of trade. The quality control of fish and fish products in the country has earned reputation of the importing countries. (j) Laws and Regulations: In addition, a number of other Laws and Regulations are existed in the country to ensure the safe and quality food viz. The Animal Slaughter (Restriction) and Meat Control (Amendment) Ordinance,1983 (it is under revision);The Pesticide Ordinance,1971 the Pesticides Rules,1985;Destructive Insects and Pests Rules (Plant Quarantine),1966,amended up to 1989;Agricultural Products Market Act,1950 (revised in 1985);Fish Protection and Conservation Act,1950 (amended in 1995);Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 and Rules,1983;Procuremnet Specifications, Ministry of Food, Rice Mill Control Order etc. To protect the consumers rights and privileges a new Act i. e. Consumers Protection Act, 2004 is to be passed soon. There are also a number of policies i. . Bangladesh Food and Nutrition Policy, 1997 and National Plan of Action on Nutrition, National Agricultural Policy, 1999; Integrated Pest Management Policy, 2002 etc are linked with the countrys food safety and quality control. (h) Pure Food Act, 2005: Finding huge irregularities and unhygienic situation in the food sectors, the government has formulated a new law, the Pure Food Act, 2005. 4. 1. 2 Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005 in Details Provisions regarding manufacture and sale of Food 1. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of food not of proper nature, substance or quality (1) No person shall directly or indirectly a) Manufacture or sell any article of food which is adulterated, or (b) Sell to the prejudice of the purchaser any article of food which is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser. (2) An offence shall not be deemed to have been committed if the article of food contains the normal constituents and if any innocuous substance or ingredient has been added thereto, if such substance or ingredient (i) is required for the production or preparation of such article as an article of  commerce in a condition fit for carriage or consumption, and (ii) is not so added raudulently to increase the bulk weight or measure, or to conceal the inferior quality, of such article: Provided that the admixture of such su bstance or ingredient does not render such article to be injurious to health; 2. Prohibition of sale or use of poisonous or dangerous chemicals, intoxicated food colour, etc No person shall directly or indirectly sale any food in which poisonous or dangerous chemicals or ingredients or additives or substances like calcium carbide, formalin, pesticides [DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl oil) etc. r intoxicated food colour or flavouring matter has been used in any food which may cause injury to human body. 3. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of food not of proper standard of purity No person shall, directly or indirectly manufacture or sell any milk, butter, ghee, wheat flour (that is to say, maida, atta or suji) or mustard or any other rape seed oil, or any other article of food which are not of proper standard of purity. Standard of purity of milk or skimmed milk or condensed milk or  sterilized milk or desiccated milk   (1) In the case of milk other than skimmed, condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk,- (a) the species of animal from which the milk is derived shall be specified by the seller in such manner as the local authority may direct by general or special order in this behalf;(b) the article sold shall be the normal, clean and fresh secretion obtained by the complete milking of the udder of a healthy animal of the species specified, not earlier than seven days after the calving and freeing of the colostrums of such animal; and (c) the article sold shall, whether such secretion has been processed or not, be an article from which no ingredient has been extracted and to which no water or other substance (including any preservative) has been added and which contains the normal constituents prescribed under clause (a) or sub-section (1) of  section 5. (2) In the case of skimmed milk,- (a) T he container shall be labelled and marked in such manner as may be prescribed; (b) The article sold shall contain such proportion of the constituents of milk as maybe prescribed; and (c) The place at which such article is sold shall be specified by the seller in such manner as the local authority may direct by general or special order in this behalf. 3) In the case of condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk,- (a) The container shall be hermetically closed, labelled and marked in such manner as may be prescribed; and (b) The article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain such proportion of the constituents of milk as may be prescribed. Standard of purity of butter In the case of butter, the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall be exclusively derived from the milk or cream (other than skimmed, condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk or cream) of a cow or buffalo or both, and may be with or without salt and with or without the addition of any innoc uous colouring matter, and shall not contain a greater proportion of water than may be prescribed. Standard of purity of ghee In the case of ghee (that is to say, clarified milk fat), the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain only substances (other than curds) which are prepared exclusively from the milk of cows or buffaloes or both, and shall fulfil such other conditions as may be prescribed. Standard of purity of wheat flour In the case of wheat flour (that is to say, maida, atta or suji), the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain only substances which are derived exclusively from wheat, and shall fulfill such other conditions as may be prescribed. Standard of purity of mustard or any other rape seed oil In the case of mustard or any other rape seed oil, the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall be derived exclusively from mustard or any other rapeseed, as the case may be, and shall fulfill such other conditions as may be prescribed. 5. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of anything similar to or resembling an article of food No person shall, directly or indirectly and whether by himself or by any other person acting on his behalf, manufacture or sell anything similar to or resembling an article of food notified or under any name which so resembles the ordinary name of such article of food as to be likely to deceive the public or which is in any way calculated to mislead the public as to the nature, substance or quality of that thing. 6. Prohibition of keeping adulterants in places where food is manufactured or sold A person cannot keep or sell adulterants near the premises of manufacturing process of food. If any kind of adulterants is found near a food premise or shop then the owner will be accused for breaking the law if the contrary cannot be proven. No person shall keep Guzi (niger seed) in any manufactory or shop. No person shall keep any quantity of white oil except under a license granted by a local authority. 7. Prohibition of sale of diseased animals and unwholesome food intended for human consumption No person shall sell for human consumption any living thing which is diseased or unsound or sell or manufacture any other article of food intended for human consumption which is unwholesome or unfit for human consumption. 8. Prohibition of use of false labels No person shall, directly or indirectly use labels which falsely describes that the article is to mislead as to its nature, substance or quality. 9. Registration of certain premises The premises used for manufacturing, storing or selling food must be registered from authorized body. 10. Special provisions for seller of Ice cream and some other food The manufacturer and seller of certain dry food such as ice cream, ice, pickles, sweets, cake, biscuits, bread, flour, pulses etc must clearly write their address on the signboard and the transport the use to delivery. Prohibition of the keeping of bread-stuffs, etc, otherwise than in covered receptacles. No milk, bread-stuffs, cake, pastry, sweetmeats, confectionery or other article of  food intended or commonly used for human consumption without further preparation by cooking shall be sold, exposed or kept or hawked about or stored for sale unless they be kept properly covered or otherwise guarded to the satisfaction of the local authority, so that they shall be protected from dust, dirt and flies 11. Certain diseased person not to manufacture, sell or touch food No person, who is suffering from leprosy, tuberculosis or any other disease which may be notified by the Government in this behalf, shall manufacture or sell any article of food, or will fully touch any such article which is for sale by any other person. Provisions regarding analysis of food 1. Right of purchaser to have article of food analyzed or otherwise examined A person who has purchased any article of food shall, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, be entitled to have a sample of such article analyzed or otherwise examined by the public analyst appointed for the area in which the purchase was made, and to receive from such public analyst a certificate in the form provided in the Schedule, specifying the result of the analysis or examination. 2. Providing samples for examination is obligatory Any Gov’t nominated person can order the buyer to sell certain products to him for the purpose of examination. He can also ask for the sample of the products to be kept for sale or transport or store. 3. Procedure for obtaining analysis or examination A person who intends to have analyzed or otherwise examined a sample shall-(1) forthwith notify in writing his intention to the person who sold or surrendered the sample;(2) divide the sample into three parts, and mark, seal or fasten each part One part to the person who sold the sample, or One part to the consignor, whose name and address appear on the container of the article, One part for purposes of future comparison; and(3) thereafter submit within seven days one part to the public analyst appointed for the area in which the sample was sold or surrendered. 4. Duty of public analyst to supply certificate of analysis Every public analyst to whom a sample has been submitted for analysis or bacteriological or other examination shall- (a) Analyze or examine such sample or cause such sample to be analyzed or examined; (b) not later than 14 days[ seven days in normal case and two days in case of  emergency after the date on which he receives the sample, deliver to the person submitting it a certificate specifying the result of the analysis or examination, (c) Send a copy of the certificate to the local authority concerned. Provisions regarding inspection and seizure of food 1. Appointment of Inspector A person can be appointed as an inspector by the Gov’t or Gov’t monitor local authority. 2. Right to enter premises A person authorized, or an Inspector appointed, have the right to enter any premises at any hour of the day or night excluding the hours between midnight and day break. 3. Production of books, vouchers and accounts A person authorized, or an Inspector appointed, may by written notice require any person carrying on the trade or business in, or manufacturing or selling, any article of food, to produce before him for inspection all books, vouchers, accounts and other documents relating to such trade, business, manufacture or sale and every person on whom such notice is served shall comply with such requisition. 4. Power to seize food believed to be adulterated. The nominated person can inspect and examine the food any time (except midnight to dawn) and seize food believed to be adulterated 5. Destruction of seized living things and food The nominated person in front of two witnesses and with the written acknowledgement of the owner will destruct the seized food products 4. 1. 3 Laboratory for Food Analyses in Bangladesh The following Laboratories are responsible for qualitative and quantitative assessment of food items- 1. Public Health Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health, Dhaka under the MOHFW. Some 5000 food samples are tested here annually, sent by the Sanitary Inspectors from different Upazilas and Municipalities. 2. Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health Nutrition under the MOHFW-dealing with the monitoring of the quality of Iodised salt and others 3. Food Testing Laboratory, Directorate of Food under the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management. 4. Institute of Food Science Technology, Dhaka; Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) as well as its Branches at Chittagong and Dhaka under Ministry of Science and Information Communication Technology. 5. Food Testing Laboratory of Dhaka City Corporation under the MOLGRD. 6. Laboratory of Plant Protection Wing of DAE of Ministry of Agriculture: 7. Quality Control Laboratories for frozen fish at Khulna and Chittagong under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. Under this Ministry, there is also Lab at Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh. 8. Laboratory of Department of Livestock under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. 9. Institute of Food Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Commission under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 10. Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka under the Ministry of Education. 11. Central laboratory and Lab of Post Harvest Technology of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute and Lab. of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute under the Ministry of Agriculture. 12. Armed Forces Food and Drug Testing Laboratory, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka under the Ministry of Defence. 13. Laboratories of Department of Food Technology Rural Industry, Department of Dairy Science and Department of Biochemistry of Bangladesh Agricultural University. 14. Chemical Examination Laboratory of CID under the Ministry of Home Affairs. 15. Environment Laboratory, Directorate of Environment under the Ministry Environment and Forests. 4. 1. 4 Bangladesh Food Standards a. Under the Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 1959 and the Bangladesh Pure Food Rules, 1967, there are 107 different generic, mandatory food standards. b. BSTI is the Standardisation body in the country. There are 50 mandatory generic food standards of BSTI. In addition, there are some 250 optional standards for different foodstuff. BSTI is also adopting Codex standards. 4. WHO/FAO supported Food Safety Program in Bangladesh Food safety Programme – a collaborative programme of Govt. of Bangladesh and WHO is being implemented in Bangladesh since 1994. Under the Food Safety Programme. The major activities are- 1. Strengthening of Public Health Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health, Dhaka a. Procurement of instruments, equipment and chemicals b. Training of the laboratory personnel (in home and abroad) 1. Training on Food safety for Health Managers and Sanitary Inspectors of MOHFW and MOLGRD. 2. Training on HACCP for Quality Control personnel of Food industries 3. Orientation on food safety for- School teachers, Community leaders, Religious leaders and Hotel Restaurant Managers/Owners , Street food vendors and others 4. National and Regional seminars on food safety. 5. Information, Education and Communication activities on food safety for School children, Managers/owners of Hotel restaurants, Food vendors, Mass people and others. 6. Research works : On quality of different food items, epidemiology of food borne diseases etc CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD ORDINANCE Access to pure food is a necessary corollary of right to life. Every human being has a right to get pure food for his consumption. Every state should provide comprehensive law for the safety and purity of food. Pure and unadulterated food should be made available to every person, irrespective of his caste, creed, religion, race and nationality. But unfortunately, food safety situation in our country is very much precarious. Manufacturers and sellers frequently mix poisonous and dangerous chemicals like calcium carbide, formalin, pesticides, intoxicated colorants and flavorants which are injurious to our body. Legal regulations and manufacturers monitoring practices are not enough to prevent contamination of the countrys food supply and to protect consumers from serious harm 1. Administration And Inspection Major Stakeholder Ministries and Departments for Food Control in Bangladesh |Sl. |Ministry |Department/Organization |Major Activities | |No | | | | |1. Ministry of Agriculture |Plant Protection Wing, DAE |Phyto Sanitary certificate for Import/Exported plants/plant | | | | |products | | | | |Pesticide Use Control | | | | |Fertilizer Use Control | |2. |Ministry of Food |Directorate General of Food (DGF) |Quality Control of PFDS, Stock, Procured Food grains/Food Stuff, | | | | |Imported food etc. | | | | |Food Control in the Market (not doing at present) | |3. Ministry of Health |Directorate General o f Health; District |Food Quality and Sanitation Control in Upazila/District level | | |Family Welfare |Upazila Health Administration and |Testing | | | |Institute of Public Health. | | |4. |Ministry of LGRD |City Corporation Pourashava Health Units|Have Sanitary Inspector, Labs and Public Analyst for food quality | | | | |control in their command areas. | | | | | | |5. |Ministry of Fisheries |A) Department of Fisheries (FIQC Wing) |Fish Quality Control Certification for export | | |Livestock | Same for the domestic market | | | |B) Department of Livestock |Animal Health | | | | |Animal Product | | | | |Imported Animal | |6. |Ministry of Industries |BSTI |Frame Standards of Food Products | | | | |Testing Certification Marks and Surveillance. | |7. Ministry of Science, |BAEC |Test Radiation level of Imported Food items; Pesticides Residues | | |Information and | | | | |Communication Technology | | | | | |IFST, BCSIR |Testing of Food Items; | | | | |Research and Development | |8. |Ministry of Education |DG, Primary, |Food safety, Nutrition Environmental issues in the text book of | | | |DG, Secondary, |all level of education | | | |Text Book Board, | | | | |Universities | | |9. Ministry of Information |PIB |Broad cast issues for awareness building | | | |BTV | | | | |Radio Bangladesh | | |10. |Ministry of Home |Bangladesh Police |Assist the Inspection Agencies | |11. |Ministry of Law, Justice |- |Formulation, Vetting, Parliamentary Approval etc. | | | Parliamentary Affairs | | | So, food control in Bangladesh is a multi-sectoral responsibility. 5. 1. The drive against adulterated food Little was done in the past to protect the consumers from adulteration, pathogenic microbial contamination, toxic substances such as pesticide and other contaminants in food. There was an obsolete Food Law from British time, and although updated long back, it was never practiced seriously. Present government deserves thanks for taking serious action against the unh ygienic production, processing and marketing of foods. We much appreciate also the bold steps taken by the BSTI and the law enforcing agencies particularly the courageous and uncompromising attitudes of the magistrates in penalizing the perpetrators. Government and private media such as the dailies and TV channels are taking appropriate actions in disseminating the results of the drives to the consumers. The drive has even crossed the political divide. [pic] Figure: A mobile court fining a food dealer for making food with hazardous chemicals which are very fatal for human being Finding huge irregularities and unhygienic situation in the food sectors, the government has recently formulated a new law, the Pure Food Act, 2005. The new law has the provision to fine the adulterators up to Tk 2 lakh from Tk 75,000 and jail the guilty for a maximum of three years. Since April, 2005 the government has started a drive to control adulteration and unhygienic practices of food in food processing industries, market, hotels and restaurants. The public are terrified to find the poor, unhygienic, and substandard food contaminated with poisonous and harmful chemical substances and microorganisms and inappropriately processed. Mobile courts infrequently invigilate around the capital and the districts to discover different kinds of food houses, hotels and restaurants which are found to be selling noxious foodstuffs. But this invigilation is not sufficient to meet the whole demand. A regular mobile court resumes food drives to check adulteration of different food items. The government formed four special mobile courts on June 14, 2005 in the wake of a series of reports carried by news papers on colossal food adulteration. The mobile courts conduct massive drives in the city eateries and food shops and fine and imprison a good numbers of adulterators. The government initiative had drawn a huge public attention and praise and the drives in no time spread elsewhere in the country. The recent food drives has brought some development in the food sector in the city, but most of the issues remain the same due to the halt. The situations remain the same in the fruits and vegetables markets as well. The farmers are using chemicals in the vegetables and fruits so that they ripen quickly. But some sweetmeat shops have changed their approaches, which is a good sign. The use of harmful textile dyes in the sweetmeat has sharply fallen. Besides, some food producing companies are mentioning the expiry dates on their products. However, the kitchens of the common roadside restaurants remain as filthy as before. A mass awareness has been created in all the tiers of the society from the cities and towns to the villages. The consumers are getting aware of their right to get nutritious, safe and hygienic food. Although there are some minor flaws like a picture in a daily of a dish of prepared food in a very well known restaurant showing the tails of prawns as cockroaches. 5. 2 Efforts by NGOs: A wide range of activities on food safety awareness are being undertaken by a series of NGOs as Follows-. Consumers Association of Bangladesh (CAB) Bangladesh Paribesh Andolon (BAPA) DOSHER Bangladesh, etc 5. 3 Limitations in Implementation of the Ordinance: Food control activities are implemented unorganized form, including scanty information on food contamination. Food laws regulations do not embody recent development/ recommend ations by Codex, SPS TBT Agreements Weak coordination among activities like plant quarantine, food control, standards, enforcement and labs Weak Consumer/public awareness programs GM food, one of the main issues of concern for human health is ignored Compliance cost. Financial resource constraints. Dynamic Factors Influencing Food Safety Policies; Food Safety Concerns in Technology Improvement Research: Production technology research; Post harvest Technology Research; Policy Research and Food Safety Absence of proper enforcement Knowledge of standards, laws/regulations are too low among the producers and consumers. Safe limits of arsenic in food yet to be ascertained. CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 6. 1 Food Safety Policy A comprehensive Food Safety Policy should be formulated having an appropriate institutional framework to operationalize it. 6. 2 Laws, Regulations, Standards The pure Food Ordinance 2005 and other Regulations relevant Acts should be updated from time to time in view of the changing requirements. Enactment of Consumer Protection Act, Feed Act etc. should be made as early as possible. Harmonization of provisions/standards in various laws/rules is also necessary. Guidelines should be issued on Good Agricultural Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) for all foods including fruits and vegetables. CAC standards do not fully take care of a number of foods manufactured/grown in the country for their quality and safety standards. In such cases, the internationally accepted food certification system should rely on the National standard for marketing. A comprehensive labelling law with appropriate labelling provisions for local and imported packaged food inconformity with CODEX should be formulated and properly implemented. 6. 3 Technical Assistance (TA) needs: Training for the national regulation agencies concerning the preparation of technical regulations (TBT principles); for implementing certification, accreditation and reinforcement; evaluating the impact of the standards/procedures/guidelines; Seminar/workshop for creating awareness among private and public sectors; Preparation of a SPS and TBT accomplishment guidelines. 6. 4 Infrastructure of Food Control Include measures to modernize food inspection, manufacturing procedures, research on food borne disease outbreaks; Establishment of bodies for accreditation, regulation and certification; Development of consultants ; Feasibility and methods for post-marketing monitoring of GM food products Institutional changes- complement HACCP, ISO management System etc. An apex body for policy formulation and development task of Food Quality and Safety Programs (FQSP) should be formed including all stakeholders; Institutional mechanism such Food Safety Council, Food Safety Technical Comm. Monitoring Committee etc. A National Food Control Agency should be established. 6. 5 Training and Human resource development Should be targeted for i) food inspectors, ii) food scientists and analysts, iii) policy makers, iv) microbiologists, v) public health physicians, vi) food technologists, vii) serial librarians and documentation officials, viii) food law experts etc. 6. 6 Conformity Assessment Infrastructure Adequate testing facilities including microbiological and safety parameters analysis should be developed from farm to production to assist the compliance of HACCP, quality certification system and for continual improvement of a produce. Food safety and other certification system should be reviewed through unified efforts of industries, farmers, regulators, scientists, academicians consumers to develop a state-of-the-art, food safety quality system. Cleaning, grading, testing, standardization, packing, storage, labeling and marketing based on well documented principles o f good practice, HACCP, scientific storage should be encouraged at farmers’ level so as to promote direct integration of food processing units with producers. Capacity strengthening is required for the laboratories of different institutions. Strong co-ordination among the conformity assessment infrastructure. There is a need to establish/review safe limits for food additives and contaminants, study data on these mycotoxins, level of risk and recommendation of Codex. Laboratories should follow simple method for detection and quantification of toxins in mycotoxin prone food items. An electronic certification (E-cert) system may be developed. It is very important that the sampling procedure is standardized and it is transparent. The procedures for inspection and drawing samples should be laid down in accordance with the standards prescribed and should be in tune with the international practice. 6. 7 Food Safety Database Adequate data should be generated for pesticide residues, toxic metals in different food crops for use in risk assessment work, for ensuring consumer’s protection and for harmonization of standards with that of safety standards under Codex. The food safety information database should be expanded to provide more complete information on the incidence of food borne disease by pathogen and by food. Surveillance program to collect more precise information about the incidence of food borne illness, especially illness caused by chemical and microbiological poisoning including Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. Growing a networking system on nationwide food borne diseases and its risk assessments. Share information/data for mutual usage wider utilization (particularly to reduce risks). 6. 8 Production and Market Places Development Encouragement to organic production of farmed and processed farm roducts should be on the priority food list, which is an alternative to safe food, produced through conventional techniques. Integrated quality system from farm to market should be developed to ensure that there is no deterioration in the quality of the organic food and it is properly transported, stored and marketed. Depending upon food crops, concept of ISO 9000 and HACCP should be developed and practiced at farm level. Integrated quality marketing approach should be adopted at farm, from pre-harvest to post harvest including scientific storage, grading, standardization, certification, labeling, traceability, tr ansportation and marketing. Technology, innovation and enterprise development should be the keys in attaining food safety. Development of scientific storage facilities in food chain would facilitate in retaining the quality of the produce. 6. 9 Coordination among GOB organizations and GO-NGO activities Domestic harmonization of activities, procedures, method of testing etc. among the GOB agencies is very much required in the first place. A national commitment and the collaboration of all ministries concerned with health, agriculture, finance, commerce, food, industry, municipality and concerned NGOs are to be ensured. 6. 10 Law Enforcement The laws in place should be implemented with full force and hurdles in implementing the existing laws against adulteration to be eliminated. 6. 1 Awareness building Education, awareness and training through manuals, material, and practical demonstration as a priority to regulatory measures should be given to farmers, food processors, govt. re gulators, policy makers, vendors and other persons involved in the system for compliance. Adequate knowledge and guidance should be available to farmers for strict application of good agricultural and marketing practices for their food crops programs to educate consumers about food safety should be launched. 6. 12 Research and Study Food Safety Policy research should be launched in the fields of production, processing, marketing and consumption. Study of collective impact of unsafe food intake should be carried out for which a technical assistance might be sought. CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION In Bangladesh, guaranteeing food safety involves activities conducted by several agencies and institutions whose mandates are often not clearly defined. This has resulted in fragmentation of the food control system and inefficient use of resources. Cooperation and coordination at national, subregional, regional and international levels is required to improve effectiveness and thus protection of the health of the consumer. Assuring food safety is a shared responsibility between all stakeholders, especially, civil society, consumers and industry that must have a common vision in order to succeed. The Government of Bangladesh is well committed to ensure safe and quality food for the people of the country for better health, nutrition and development. The Government is going to constitute a National Food Safety Council soon. Furthermore, the Government is updating the laws, rules and regulations regarding food safety and quality. Strengthening of the existing laboratories and establishment of a reference laboratory as well as set-up of regional Public Health Laboratories at the Divisional and District head quarters under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare are urgently needed. CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES Government of Bangladesh: Various documents. MOA (2004): Report of the National Task Force on Food Safety Bangladesh for FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific Seremban, Malaysia, 24-27 May 2004. MOF (2004): Report of the Working groups for Harmonization of food safety laws, regulations, control system, control mechanism and standards for facilitati ng food trade among the SAARC countries. WHO (2002). Food Safety and Food-Borne Illness. World Health Organisation, Geneva. FAO/WHO. Assuring food safety and quality. Guidelines for strengthening a national food control systems. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 76. ( who. int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/guidelines_foodcontrol/en) WHO. Guidelines for strengthening a national food safety program. WHO/FNU/FOS/96. 2. Geneva, 1996. Henson, S. J. (2002). The Current Status and Future Directions of Codex Alimentarius. World Health Organization, Geneva. Buzby,J. C. and Roberts,T. (1997). Economic costs and trade implications of microbial foodborne illness. World Health Statistics Quarterly, 50, (1/2), 57-66 Robert, J. A. (1996). Economic evaluation of Surveillance. London, Dept of Public Health and Policy. fao. org/docrep/meeting/008/ae335e. htm fao. org/docrep/006/y8705e/y8705e09. html [pic] PRIMARY SOURCE SECONDARY SOURCE SOURCES OF DATA